Martha Stewart: Organization Ethics of Insider Trading

On December 27, 2001, Martha Stewart made a decision that changed her life, and the decision jeopardized the livelihood of her stakeholders. Ms. Stewart received a call from her stockbroker’s assistant letting her know that Dr. Samuel Waksal was trying to sell his holdings in ImClone. Dr. Waksal was the chief executive officer and founder of ImClone, and he had just received notice from the Food and Drug Administration that the drug Erbitux did not receive approval to be used as a cancer drug. Stock in ImClone was at a high due to expectations of Erbitux getting approval, and once the news of it not getting it reached the public, Dr.  Waksal knew that the price of its stock was going to decline. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 814) This is an example of insider trading. â€Å"Anytime a company executive or employee buys or sells stock in the company that person works for, an inside trade has occurred. † (Newkirk, 1998) In this essay I will explore who the ‘insiders’ were that knew that the stock was in danger, and the people who did not know. I will examine how Martha Stewart’s decision affected her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and what she could have done differently. The concept of insider trading is when a person has knowledge, positive or negative, that can impact a company’s stock price and a trade is made based on that knowledge. Insider trading is illegal. Martha Stewart â€Å"acted on inside information when she sold 3,928 shares in biotechnology company ImClone Systems†. (White, 2006) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the federal agency that has the responsibility of regulating stock trading in the United States, alleged in its case against Ms. Stewart that she received an illegal tip from her broker Peter Bacanovic. The tip was that Dr.  Waksal and his family members were selling their shares of ImClone stock. Bacanovic was the broker for Dr. Waksal and for Ms. Stewart. (White, 2006) When insider trading takes place, there is a select group of privileged people who have information about the stock’s possible rise or fall. In the case of ImClone, Dr. Waksal let certain individuals, his father, his daughter and his broker’s assistant, know that a change was about to take place with ImCone stock by attempting to sell his shares. These are the people that the investigation revealed did ImClone stock trading on the day before the news become public. Martha Stewart found out about the news when Bacanovic’s assistant, Douglas Faneuil, notified her that Dr. Waksal was selling his holdings. (Hurtado, 2004) Each person who sold their holding in ImClone on December 27, 2001 with knowledge of the possible decline participated in insider trading. The other individuals that owned holdings in ImClone were not privileged to that information, they did not have an inside advantage. The two parties who knew ImClone’s stock was going down and the people who did not know have several things in common. They all felt that ImClone’s stock was a good investment and they were all about to loose money once the FDA’s decision was made public. The difference between the two parties is one had a closer connection to the executives of ImClone and the other did not. High level employees of an organization are privileged to insider information. The spouses, friends, bankers and lawyers are connected to individuals who have â€Å"awareness of material information that’s not publicly available† to everyone. (Clark, 2009) Martha Stewart and Dr. Waksal were close friends at the time of the ImClone scandal. This allowed her to have an inside advantage. When Dr. Waksal received the news that the FDA was not going to accept Erbitux’s application for approval, he had an ethical dilemma. He knew that he could not control what was about to happen to ImClone, but he wanted to â€Å"minimize his losses, and maybe the losses of some family members and close friends†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 814) Dr Waksal; his father, Jack; his daughter Aliza; and a number of close friends had significant investments in ImClone†¦Of course, elling his stock and advising his father, daughter, and friends to sell their stock would reduce their loses†¦ Dr. Waksal was faced with a tough decision. On one hand, he could refrain from engaging in questionable trading practice and thereby incur a significant amount of losses in his investment. On the other hand, he could choose to sell his stock based on the information he received, reducing his investment losses, but violating the law and ethics of fair trade. (Carroll & Buchhlotz, 2009, p. 814) Dr. Waksal influenced each person he told about the FDA’s decision and each person who knew he was trying to sell his holdings. When the head of an organization decides to sell his/her holdings in the organization, knowledge of this greatly influences others to do the same. Once Martha Stewart became aware of the possible decline in ImClone stock, she had a decision to make too. Her decision was whether to do nothing or to sell her stock. The decision she made affected more people than just herself. It affected every stakeholder she was associated with at that time. This included her employees at Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (MSO), customers and competitors of MSO products, the Kmart Corporation, CBS’s â€Å"The Early Show† where Ms.  Stewart was a style contributor, and other business leaders and the public. Employees of MSO were left wondering if their jobs were in jeopardy, customers and competitors of MSO did not know the fate of the company, Kmart’s revenues suffered, Ms. Stewart was no longer needed at CBS, and the public was left with mixed views. The ethical thing that Ms. Stewart should have done that would have spared her company’s reputation and prevented the public scrutiny that each company and person close to her had to endure would have been to not act on the tip she received about ImClone’s stock. The company’s reputation would have been saved and Ms. Stewart would have saved money. She avoided a loss of $47,673 by selling her stock in ImClone before the news of the FDA’s decision was made public. (White, 2006). â€Å"The cost to her of selling that stock, factoring in penalties, restitution, and legal cost has been estimated to be about $300 to $400 million. Furthermore, had she held on to her shares of ImClone rather than selling them, she would have made a nice profit†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 17) In February 2004, after a new clinical trial and refilling by ImClone’s partner, the FDA approved the use of Erbitux for colon cancer and the price of its stock soared again. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Dr. Waksal’s punishment for his actions was the maximum sentence of seven years in prison and he was asked to leave his position at Stanford University, the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Tufts University School of Medicine and Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He also lost his position of CEO with ImClone and he had to pay a fine to the SEC. His plea agreement with the government and his admittance that â€Å"he tipped undisclosed individuals to dump their stock before the FDA decision was made public† spared his father and daughter from facing charges. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815-816) Dr. Waksal’s and Martha Stewart’s stockbroker, Peter Bacanovic, was sentenced to five months in prison, five months of house arrest, and fined $4,000. Bacanovic’s assistant, Douglas Faneuil was fined $2,000. (Hurtado, 2004) The original investigation of Martha Stewart was for insider trading, but she was not indicted for insider trading. A spokesperson for Ms. Stewart denied the allegations and insisted that Ms. Stewart had a prearranged agreement with her broker, Mr. Bacanovic, to sell ImClone stock if it fell below $60†¦Her assistant broker, Mr. Douglas Faneuil, however, claimed that such an agreement never existed and that Ms. Stewart sold her four thousand shares of ImClone after she learned that Dr. Waksal and other family members had dumped their stock. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) Ms. Stewart was indicted on nine federal counts. The nine-count indictment alleged that Stewart altered evidence that she traded on inside information about the biotech company ImCone Systems, conspired with her stockbroker to lie to federal officials investigating the trade, and defrauded shareholders in her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, by misleading them about why she had sold the stock†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) Martha Stewart was found â€Å"guilty on four counts: obstruction of justice, conspiracy, and two counts of making false statements†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Ms.  Stewart’s punishment for her crime was five months in prison, five months in home confinement, and two years of probation. The fines she had to pay included $30,000, and $195,00 that included the $47,673 she saved by selling her shares in ImClone plus $137,019 in penalties that represent three times the loss avoided amount. (White, 2006) â€Å"In addition to the fine, Ms Stewart agreed to a five-year ban on serving as a director of a public company and to limitations during those five years on the extent of her service as an officer or employee of a public company†. (White, 2006) Ms. Stewart resigned as CEO and chairman of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia on the same day she was indicted, but remained on the company's board. She also â€Å"resigned her position as board member for Revlon and the New York Stock Exchange. † (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009. p. 816) Some think Ms. Stewart was justly tried and convicted, while others think she was a scapegoat for larger corporate scandals. My opinion is that the punishment given to Ms. Stewart was fair. The maximum amount of time the crime she was convicted for can be unto 20 years in prison. (Hoffman, 2007) Regardless of whom you are, consequences should follow when the law is broken. Martha Stewart broke the law in a minimal way, so her punishment fits the crime. When shareholders invest in a corporation, they do so to make a profit. The money they invest is used in several ways by the corporation. It is used for product research and development, improvements, overseas expansion, and to keep the company afloat in tough times. If the company is not successful, the investors loose money. If the company is a success, the investors are rewarded with higher values of their stock shares in the company. (Clark, 2006) Martha Stewart’s action brought an initial loss for her investors. Advertising sales plunged at MSO’s magazine when the incident began. â€Å"MSO stock plummeted by 60 percent after the charges were made public†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) However, â€Å"when Ms. Stewart received the minimum sentence, the stock price of her company rose by 37 percent†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Before the ImClone scandal in 2001, Martha Stewart’s products were sold in Kmart and she was the CEO of MSO. During the ordeal, her magazine Martha Stewart Living loss advertising sponsors and pictures of Ms. Stewart were removed from the magazine. Less than three years after she got out of prison, the magazine showed an increase in advertising pages, pictures of Ms. Stewart are back in the magazine, she has a channel on Sirius satellite radio, she has a new magazine called Blueprint for younger people, and she has a line of homes with KB Homes. â€Å"In 2006, she published Martha Stewart’s Home-keeping Handbook, a 744-page guide to all things domestic†. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 817) As of today, MSO is a thriving organization. Martha Stewart has a line of products at The Home Depot, PetSmart and Macy’s, along with The Martha Stewart Show on the Hallmark Channel. The company reported $49. 7 million for its third quarter earnings in 2010. (â€Å"Martha Stewart,† 2010) Prior to the ImClone scandal, Martha Stewart owned a magazine, her products were in Kmart and she worked for â€Å"The Early Show†; after coming out of prison, she still owns the magazine, her products are with more prominent companies, she has her own show on television and her organization is still making profits. The relationship she had with her stockholders may have suffered during the scandal, but today the relationship is mended. Ethical and public issues must be considered in a stockholder relationship. Decisions made by executives can have enormous effects on a company which can then cause negative and/or positive changes in a stockholder’s shares depending on how the public receives a brand or corporation once it has gone through a scandal. Loyalty to the Martha Stewart brand has helped the company to endure through the storm of the scandal. (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Shareholders should be considered when decisions are made that are unethical or that could be harmful to the company’s public image.

Federalists vs Democrats 18th Century Essay

Throughout the 1790s the birth of American political parties emerged. Many of Americas founding fathers hated the idea of political parties because they represented political parties came about because of the difference in opinions among the population. The newborn constitution brought about issues such as north and south, rich and poor, and agriculture vs. industries that would revolutionize the way people in America thought, and their beliefs, thus giving birth to political parties. The political parties were divided as follows. There was Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and his followers who believed in a strong central government that would support their interests in commerce and industry. Amongst the Federalists supporters were some of the most influential men of the time, including: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and John Jay. These men had great opposition to the constitution and wrote about them in their â€Å"Federalist Papers† and were read all across the nation. The Federalists wanted to solve the issues of the nation themselves. Thomas Jefferson was categorized as a Democratic-Republican. The Republicans believed in a decentralized agrarian republic in which federal government had limited powers. The two parties struggled against each other heavily in the beginning. After the ratification of Jays Treaty in 1794, providing a somewhat sugar-coated commercial relationship, awoke differing opinions between the Federalists and the Republicans. In one corner stood John Adams, federalist, supporting the ratification of Jays Treaty because it avoided war and continued trade. On the other side there was Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, who believed the treaty left doors open for the British to continue abuses of power such as impressment. For a long time, opposing political parties consumed what was the â€Å"media† of the era and created an opinion among the people. Although with its great efforts and philosophers, the Federalist party soon seized to exist, and for years the Democratic-Republicans regulated what is the United States.

Incentive program to reduce waste Research Proposal

Incentive program to reduce waste - Research Proposal Example inventive and dynamic incentive system in the forklift operational management needs to be designed to dramatically cut down accidents and risks to the barest minimum. This is a proposal for incentive program to reduce waste by forklift operators during shipping of goods. First the proposal would identify the kind of forklift operations that need incentive programs during movements. Next, it would recommend the kinds of incentive programs that could be conveniently implemented From a review of the company’s accident statistics, it is observed that the rate of losses due to forklift accidents are very high, sometimes average around 4-5 accidents per month. These accidents may occur due to mishandling of forklifts, improper or inadequate training to forklift operators or even due to negligent or careless supervision. The management needs to take firm and concrete steps not only in order to reduce and even eliminate the risks of heavy losses of materials due to forklift operations but also risk of personal injury to forklift operators or other stores personnel There is always the risk due to mishandling of goods while handling. This could be due to judgement errors of the forklift operator or if his view is blocked due to cartons in front of him, or if the pellets on which the materials are mounted are defective or broken. Lack of proper training, judgemental error or mechanical or electrical fault, or malfunctioning of the forklift could also lead to wastages, accidents and losses, determinate or indeterminate. In the event the forklift overturns while in operation, this could cause serious damages or even loss of life or limbs. Besides, there needs to be some self induced or regulatory measures by which such damages or losses could be sustained. The incentive programme is not a substitute for safety but to inculcate a sense of collective responsibility for denial of accidents or property damages. The damages may not be of the company’s items alone but could

The effects of redundancy in an engineering workshop in the British Literature review

The effects of redundancy in an engineering workshop in the British Army - Literature review Example It is vital that troops have enough supply of ammunition, food, water, spares, and fuel, tools should remain serviced, arrangements should remain created to fit each contingency; linkage channels should remain formed and maintained, bridges and roads should remain mend; and casualties should have cure and discharged. The managerial, management of a scheme and vocational skills needed are those required in every enterprise with the extra technicality that they should remain precisely used in situations that can be both physically demanding and potentially disastrous. Life in the forces forms flexible, task oriented and dynamic group participants who have knowledge of scheme control, strategic arrangement and, importantly organizational ruling. The officers in addition appear to have adequate knowledge in different fields having passed through so many educative stages in the army (Perks, 2010: p. 250). Several of the officers leave the army after operating in service commission for a s hort period of time, and have the possibility of becoming captains or junior majors (as well as their navy and air force associates) in when they are at their twenties or reaching their thirties. Some vacate at 37, the least age at which a servicing servicewoman or man can cash in on their pension. Moreover, those who still hold onto their career leave at around 55, the vacating age of the total British military staff. The city has remained as the best attractive alternative for the corps to venture in after leaving the military service. Those corps becoming redundant both through application and compulsory redundancy will have the following effects and risks according to the Armed Forces Redundancy Programme and Continuity of Allowance of April 2011 (Perks, 2010: p. 225). Specialist pay- The two, Applicants and Non-applicants for the reduction exercise who are entitled to get a specialist lump sum at the time of notification of the reduction mission will have their specialist sum e valuated in line with the rule in JSP 754 for dealing with staff who elect to vacate the army at a noticeable exit stage. Financial incentives- The rule for dealing with the several types of recruitment and retention reimbursements is as shown below (Perks, 2010: p. 229). a. Commitment Bonus (CB): The total corps vacating due to this reduction scheme will have the right to get any suitable commitment bonus accessed under the Improved CB programme for any quantifiable service finished prior to heir final day of operation. The Old or Interim CB programmes will merely remain reimbursed to those chosen for reduction if it is probable for the person to finish the necessary Return of Service (ROS) prior to their final day of operation. The two, Applicants and Non-applicants reduced who fall short to accomplish their CB ROS will not remain needed to make any compensation of amounts previously remunerated. b. Financial Return Incentives (FRI)- Applicants and No

Standards of care from a legal and a nursing perspective Essay

Standards of care from a legal and a nursing perspective - Essay Example The nurse is also expected to recognize adequately and report adverse cases or near misses and to take any possible actions that would minimize or prevent harm as a result of adverse events. As such, it is important for nurses to seek appropriate assistance where required and contribute to a supportive, safe and professional environment in their practice, in order to uphold client well-being and to uphold the trust of the public in the profession (Cartwright-Vanzant, 2011). The current professional environment is defined by increased competence resulting from the constant change in practice and technology. The new health care systems are undergoing constant evolution, and the consumers are looking for health care providers with high competences to handle their changing needs (Cartwright-Vanzant, 2011). Upon licensing of a nurse, they are viewed as having met the minimum competency levels. As such, various standards have been developed to ensure that such competency is enhanced throughout their practice. The nurses are thus left with the sole duty of expanding and enhancing their skills and knowledge in order to maintain a high level of competency equal to their role. It is for the nurse to take up responsibility for the personal knowledge and skills’ currency. Through evaluation of an individual nurse’s performance by other health professionals, a nurse’s responsibility to the society is upheld (Guido,

Evolution of marketing strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Evolution of marketing strategy - Case Study Example By selling a product via targeting the customers' desires (emotions), H-D was able to capture people from all walks of life. From top executives to blue-collar workers, a diverse group of people bought into the lifestyle and sense of belonging to an elite group that H-D had created. This occurred because H-D staff members from all various positions, departments, and socioeconomic status were involved in the company's decision making regarding the changes. Vedpuriswar (2003) reports, "By 1986, H-D had regained 25% of the US motorcycle market'it went public on the New York Stock Exchange'From 1988 t0 1995, annual shipments'more than doubled. Although H-D generated more than $1.3 billion revenues in 1995, it spent less than less than $2 million in advertising'In H-D achieved its 18th consecutive year of growth, outselling all other manufacturers in the heavyweight category for the third straight year'" H-D had the right idea when it focused on people being the greatest competitive advantage. By focusing on four marketing objectives, H-D was able to capture both beginners and those who had already fallen in love with its products. After much research, it was able to gear its motorcycles, pricing, advertising, and all other aspects to enthusiasts and non-enthusiasts. H-D used the same the same research and customized approach to target the international market by keeping motorcycle production below demand. The freedom and liberty of America was the symbol that H-D used to sell its products. The image that the company sold was the niche that made it successful above its competitors. With products ranging from motorcycles to clothing to financing, H-D's marketing mix was advertised in that many found surprising. The company wanted to get the general public's attention. H-D also combined forces with other companies such as Ford to create limited edition of vehicles. Hence, the community of customers that H-D built is from all walks of life. Membership, with purchase of a motorcycle, allowed customers to attend unique activities and functions (at local, regional, national, and international levels), which allowed them to share their love of riding and to Last Name 3 belong to a special community of those who share the same interests. Brand loyalty was the result of all this research and hard work and it proved to be extremely successful. The brand and licensing was sold to various companies in the United Stated and other countries. Eighty licenses covered eighteen product categories worldwide. The H-D brand can be found on cafes, dolls, children's wear, toys, etc. As with anything in life, with the pros are the cons; with the advantages there are usually disadvantages. A disadvantage was that H-D listened to their customers so well and created such a desire that they could not keep up with the demand at the current level of production. Some executives are concerned that the H-D brand, which exemplifies ruggedness and masculinity, may be disastrous as it goes into a category that does not live up to this hardcore image and value. They feel that the company may have ventured into territories that it had no business in dealing with which may have led to devastating

Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Slavery - Essay Example Even prior to the establishment of these factories, the demand for slaves was still high all over the world. In the United States, the demand for slaves increased with the growth of the industrial revolution which saw large-scale textile industries emerge. The main reason why slavery grew was the fact that in the federal government, created after the freedom of the American nation as an independent set of states, most of the representatives were large-scale farm owners from the south (Hammond 176). As such, in the presence or the absence of the textile industry, slaves would still be shipped to the country to assist with household chores and the likes. Regardless, the growth of these industries prompted the establishment of the slave trade as a lucrative business venture. Which mainly became competitive, led to the increase in violence subjected among slaves. The increase in violence subjected on the slaves was mainly a strategy that had been developed by plantation farmers to ensure that the cotton picked was more than enough and this thus led to the increase in immorality and inhumanity among the southern states. The rise in the prices of slaves equally motivated the violence subjected upon them, since the white men understood that they were their property and after being sold for such a high price, the slaves were expected to be equally productive which thus stimulated the use of violence as a way to improve productivity, which was later a power used by the southerners for their pleasure or to exert power.

Why do police officers, who are meant to abide by the rules, Essay

Why do police officers, who are meant to abide by the rules, [sometimes] bend and break them - Essay Example It is a profession which was believed previously to not possess any sort of malice but it has been found that some unethical behaviour does persist in the police force too. This has been witnessed in the police force of United Kingdom as a small number of officers have been found to commit these unethical behaviours. The police officers in the United Kingdom have been under severe criticism for scandals which took place in 1820s and 1960s. It has been found at many instances that the police force in United Kingdom has been involved in bribery, tampering of evidence, and beating up of subjects. For such a behaviour to be avoided policies such as Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 have been enacted in the United Kingdom. The problem with the police department is not limited to the developed country of United Kingdom but it also spreads to the United States. It has been found that unethical behaviour also persists in the police force of United States (Mollen 1994). â€Å"Most police departments have members who commit corrupt acts from time to time. Only some police departments, however, become corrupt police departments.† (Sherman, 1978 pg. 32) Police officers at times break the rules for a gain which might not be personal but would rather be a group gain. Police officers break rules at instances where they think that they can benefit from the whole situation. A reward for breaking rules can also be cited by these police officers as they might show a legitimate reason to commit that offence. Some of the major problems which are causing the police officers to break the rules in accordance to their will are related to their personal gains and power. Discretion being the foremost factor in determining as to if the police officer would turn out to be corrupt or not. This discretion allows the police officers to be the sole authority at particular instances where they can bend and break the laws in the way that they like. These are probably done for the bett er future of the police officers and the resources that they might be provided after being successful in those instances. Discretion of the police officers also gives rise to the question as to what are the goals of policing actually ? To answer this one can say that the police officer defines his or her goals according to a prevalent belief in the policing system. It is the seniors of the police officers who leave an impact on the juniors as to how they should handle their authority at some instances. If this authority is handled incorrectly then it leads to corruption within the department whereas if it is handled correctly then corruption would not prevail (Barker & Carter 1986, Pg. 30-45 ; Kleiney 1996 Pg. 81-96 ). Another reason for corruption in the police department is the less visibility of the actions of the police officers. Goldstein states that ‘under the best of circumstances, police agencies have several peculiar characteristics that make them especially difficult to administer. Police officers are spread out in the field, not subject to direct supervision’ (Goldstein 1990:6). As the police department is not watched upon by specific authorities many of the police officers can be involved in the practices of corruption. A possible solution to the problem of less visibility is transparency as put forward by many agencies. Police corruption can be stopped if the officers have to be transparent in their dealing and they are being looked upon by authoritative figures. Similarly these police officers are not exposed to the public too as they only have to deal with specific individuals at specific instances. If public has a transparency to the objectives of policing then it is possible that the rates of corruption would be decreased in

Doctrine of Precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Doctrine of Precedent - Essay Example But in due course, to cope with the administration of the colony, the English in Australia, simply acquired almost all of the prevailing British law at their discretion and for their easiest convenience, started applying them according to the call of the circumstances in the colony. Thus, common law of Britain which originated in the thirteenth century based unevenly on Roman traditions became the guiding principles of the current legal system of Australia. The Australian legal system founded on the common law has the elements of trial by jury, adversarial system and presumption of innocence. But as the society became civilized and the living conditions changed, many of the existed laws became incapable to meet the challenging situations and requirements of the people. Hence, legislation was required to formulate new statutes or Acts to meet the varying needs of the people. These legislations were enacted to broaden the living style of the people and also to regulate the society as a whole, to bring in equity of law. However, the laws based on the doctrine of precedent or case laws edge over the statutory laws, because of its simplicity in its application facilitating decisions on a case by the jury. The statement that the current Australian legal system exhibits an increasing reliance on statute law must be analyzed in the above context, and in order to verify its sanctity it is necessary to have a clear picture of the law structure of the Australian legal system. (Robin Banks, 2006, Law Australia, Legal Information Access Centre, (Sydney, NSW), http://www.liac.sl.nsw.g ov.au/hot/pdf/aust_leg_syst_60.pdf. viewed on 9th May, 2009) Classification and Sources of Law Law can be classified into two, as public law and private law. Public law is criminal law and is concerned with matters of the State whereas, private law is civil law pertaining to the matters of individuals. Criminal law is used to suppress criminal offences by punishing the accused. Civil law deals with disputes between individuals Australian law is based on the system of common law and its procedures are (i) the adversarial nature of court proceedings, and (ii) the appeal provisions. The sources of the law are statute law and case law, and they are of equal validity. Statute law known as Act is enacted law made by parliament. Case law is the principles of law arrived at by the judges in court decisions. (Victoria Law Foundation, 2009, Law & Our legal systems, Chapter-1, http://www.rurallaw.org.au/handbook/xml/ch01s02.php, viewed on 9th May, 2009) History of Case Law and the guiding Principles According to Baker, 'A precedent is a decision or judgment of a court, which is used as authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.' (Baker J.H., 1979, An Introduction to English Legal History p. 171, Butterworths, London) However, it should be noted that Australia has a federal structure and that it has a parliament for each state and also has one for the Commonwealth. The Federal system of government was established by the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. The colonies became states and the states joined to form a Federation. The Law making power is vested with the Federal government as well as the state governments The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty demands that nobody can annul a law promulgated by the parliament, whereas, common law can be changed through

Community Immersion Essay Example for Free

Community Immersion Essay It is the city base for Jeff Davis Parish which combined has 6 cities in the parish (U. S. Census Bureau, 2010). Jennings is considered a rural area with a population of 10,909 people residing in the city. According to the census bureau the city of Jennings is populated with Caucasians at 7,736, African Americans 3, 076, Asian 32 and Hispanics 101 (U. S. Census Bureau, 2010). Jennings has two sub communities the south side of town where most of the blacks are under the poverty line and some middle class residents. Downtown is where the whites and a few blacks live, these two sides a separated by a railroad track. The founding of Jennings was a manifestation of the dynamic spirit in Americans which led them to continually seek new frontiers and new areas of economic exploitation. The story of its growth parallels that of many other Louisiana towns, but in two respects it has a claim to distinctiveness: its middle western origin and its connection with Louisiana’s oldest oil field. Jennings McComb, for whom the town was named, was a contractor of the Southern Pacific Railroad. He built the Jennings depot on a divide peculiar to southwest Louisiana (Riser, 1948). It is known that he was president of the Louisiana Western Railroad Company and had been associated with Charles Morgan in certain railroad transactions. McComb accumulated a great fortune, not from the railroad transactions. McComb accumulated a great fortune, not from the railroad but from the acquisition of the patent for the arrow tie buckle used in the baling of cotton. In 1901 an Jennings businessmen brought in oil operators to develop the Jennings Oil Field. This marked the first production of oil in the state of Louisiana. Oil became an important element in the economy of Jennings, but rice, the basis of the town’s economy, was still cultivated. After 1906 oil production declined and the importance of the industry to Jennings decreased. Rice remained, as it always had been, the leading economic activity of the area (Riser, 1948). The one thing about this community is the buildings; they still resemble the old design from in the beginning. This community on one side of the tracks maybe crumbling, but Jennings is a growing city. Jennings can give the illusion of nothing is going on and deep down inside of the town is array of discrimination of race, social class, an economic status. II. Community Structure: Community Function Jennings has few clubs for socializing and due to the divide in the population by race. Socialization between the white and blacks are limited if they do not work together. There are normally around event times in the community two different parades one downtown for the white the other Southside for the blacks. The city is ran by the mayor elected, making all the decisions in the city. During events for the city the decision in regards to can it happen is left to the chief of police. The city has two law enforcement agency the city police which handles everything inside the city and the sheriff’s department which is for surrounding parish cities. Each area or parts of Jennings have police jurors that are elected for the area. Residents are to contact their police jurors with complaints; they are then brought before a town meeting that is held each month at city hall. The meetings are open to all residents in the parish; however they are not openly advertised. There are many community leaders, or shall I say power families. These are the people who basically can have anything they want in Jennings. These families have been living here from the beginning and own most of all the businesses in Jennings. Jennings with these power families there is a lot of corruption within the city. According to an interview conducted with a resident of Jennings, it is a visible corruption. They stated that it’s in the police department and in the court houses. The court house is located in central Jennings and shares a uilding with the parish sheriff’s department. The courthouse has two courtrooms and on judge. One Monday’s, Tuesday’s and Wednesday’s are court days in Jennings. Because this is the parish base surrounding cities in the parish have to attend court in Jennings. The mayor’s office is located across from the courthouse, basically if he is in office the office residents have the opportunity to speak with h im. Election for public office are held every two years, however the judge and chief of police have held the same positions for the last 4 years. They were reelected with majority of the vote. Observing and interviewing residents across the tracks with a low economic status on the government of Jennings. Residents of this community fear the police and the government of Jennings. Most of the residents don’t vote because they believe it does not work. On resident showed me the curfew signs located for two blocks in front of the only club in Jennings. Residents reported having to leave the city to socialize (Jennings Daily News, 2005). III. Community Characteristics Jennings is a booming city new school, shopping centers, restaurants, car lots and new additions to the hospital. This is all downtown Jennings, continue to drive to Southside Jennings and the economy changes. The economy in Jennings is low compared to other cities in Louisiana. Local business owner, own most of the shopping places. The other centers are chain stores and restaurants which provide employment in city. To obtain a good job some resident must leave the city and drive at least 30 miles to the nearest city for work. There are 3 public schools and 2 catholic schools in Jennings there is a technical school which provides training in different fields. Just recently I was informed that Southside had the only elementary school residents. According to the Jennings daily news the school was moved uptown Jennings. There are no schools located in the Southside community of Jennings (Jennings Daily News, 2005). Looking for resources in Jennings is like looking for a needle in a hay stack. There are limited resources in the area for residents living in poverty. There is no office of community services which provides applications and face to face case managers for additional household help; the nearest office is 45 minutes away. There is a health unit that provides parenting classes other services to needed residents. Caring Hands is the only resource of helping people pay bills if needed. They help with light bills, gas bills, and water bills if qualified. There is no transportation system in the city, residents with no cars must walk to the stores. The community even with the lack of services seems not to harm most of the community. It’s for the most part beginning to overcome the racism that has been a factor over the years. However it still a big issue here in Jennings. Jennings have develop over the years an array of issues that need to be addressed like the lack of community services, the sub community of Southside Jennings, lack of activities for children, and jobs. With all this going on the murders of eight young ladies since 2005 has divided and turned the downtown residents against the city police that the city police no longer operate alone in the city the Louisiana state police has taken over (Jennings Daily News, 2005). Its apparent when driving through and speaking with residents, the blacks in the community experience oppression from the local government as well as themselves. There is a large amount of discrimination not only with the government but the local police. Residents state even if they are not doing anything the good suffers for the bad. Police patrol Southside and allow no room for socialization. The park on the Southside is always empty most children rather stay in the house. The local police abuse their power an residents live in fear every day. Jennings, Louisiana do not have a homeless population, most residents that lose their homes move in with relatives. Make some home occupied with multiply families. In this community, it’s a plus along with all the other problems they do not need a homeless problem. IV. Summary and Conclusion Jennings, Louisiana a booming city, with hidden racial problems. Jennings with the majority of the population being white runs the local government, making all the decisions for the city. The lack of resources makes it impossible for some residents to access them. It’s a city that can be two different cities in one. Although education is accessible most of the black don’t attend. Jobs are limited less and there is no public transportation out of city to find jobs. Most residents live under the poverty line for the ones who do not are enjoying this community as long as the blacks stay on their side of the tracks. Reading Netting and observing this community there is a lot going on like Social Darwinism due to the blacks believing that income between not only rich and poor, but white and black is natural (Kettner, McMurty, Netting, 1998). The manifest destiny in which is going on in Jennings today.

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury Overview Of Both Companies Cadburys origins date back to almost two centuries when it was founded by John Cadbury who started the business by selling cocoa and tea in Birmingham, UK. Later he expanded by starting a line of beverages after a merger with Indian Schweppes changing the company name to Cadbury Schweppes (Chinn 1998). Successful product developments and launches have enabled Cadbury to boast of an extensive confectionary line consisting of Cocoa Essence, Easter Eggs,Milk Chocolate, Cadbury Fingers, Dairy Milk, BournevilleChocolate, Milk Tray, Flake Creme Egg, Crunchie, Picnic, Curly windy, Wispa boost, Twirl and Time Out (Cadbury 2010). Kraft, on the other hand, is a US company about a century old, which started off as a door to door cheese business but expanded into other confectionary items through many takeovers previously such as Ritz Crackers, Nabisco (Oreos) and Phenix Cheese Corporation (Philadelphia Cheese) to achieve success (Smith 2009). It is second in terms of sales and popularity in the confectionary industry with annual revenues of $42 billion, operating in more than 150 countries (Kraft 2008). The Idea Of A Takeover Due to recessionary times following fall in sales, many companies in the confectionary industry recognized the potential of merging with their competitors to become competitive and enjoy economies of scale (Mauboussin, 2010). Cadbury had continued to be a strong performer in the confectionary industry and shown steady performance and growth in light of the turbulent economic times. Much of Cadburys growth was due to its presence in emerging global markets. Kraft was attracted to Cadbury due its strong performance during the economic crisis. This led to Krafts proposal to Cadbury of a takeover. The initial offering of $16.3 billion or 740pence per share by Kraft to Cadbury was outright rejected as derisory and an attempt by Kraft to take over Cadbury for cheap. Cadbury has had strong brands whose icons are etched in the minds all over the world, an impressive category line and extensive worldwide consumer base. Successful financial overview and steady business model reinforced Cadburys belief that it should be an independent company. Krafts bid did not come remotely close to reflecting the companys true worth. Kraft proposed another bid shortly: This comprised of an offer of  £10.1 billion ($17 billion, same terms as the first bid in September-300 pence in cash and 0.2589 Kraft shares per Cadbury shares. The closing price of 9th November reflected the bid valuation of Cadbury at 710 pence which was lower than the share price of 761p on that day. Krafts share price: $26.53; Exchange rate (as agreed): $1.66 / GBP. Ratio: 0.2589 Kraft shares per every Cadbury share (26.53/1.66 * 0.2589 =  £ 4.133 + 4.13 =  £ 7.13).This was less than the price of Cadbury on that day and even the initial level of  £ 7.45. Cadbury rejected the offer on the basis of undervalued Cadbury which was now of a lesser value. It was in fact even lower than the current Cadbury share price. The Cadbury chairman said:â€Å"Under your proposal, Cadbury would be absorbed into Krafts low growth, conglomerate business model, an unappealing prospect which contrasts sharply with our strategy to be a pure play confectionery company.† The hype created by rumors of takeover figures led to exciting speculations .Media reported Ferrero to be considering a rival bid. Hersheys confirmed its own interest for same purpose. There were not only speculations of a joint bid but also of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Co. joining the bidding race. All this favored Cadbury whose share price witnessed new highs. Hersheys and Ferrero would struggle to bid alone and only their combined offer could beat Krafts offer. On January 18, Kraft finally managed to take over one of the worlds second largest confectionery manufacturer in a hostile bid of an enormous 11.5billion (US$19.5billion). This deal will be remembered in history as one of the largest transnational deals, especially in the aftermath of credit crunch. After four months of continuous resistance, Cadbury shareholders agreed to Krafts offering of $19.5 billion, (840 pence per share). This was agreed upon with the spirit of creating the worlds largest confectioner. This consisted of 500 pence in cash per share and the remaining amount paid to Cadbury shareholder in the form of Kraft shares. The shareholders had the power to decide the mix of amount they wanted in cash and shares.   According to estimations, the finals offer presented a multiple of 13 times Cadburys earnings in 2009 (after interest, taxes and debt were paid). The high bid price overruled the threat of Hersheys or Unilever offering a price for the same strategy, that is take over. The only rival left   was Nestle which too was reduced significantly when Cadburys Director signed the agreement that if Cadbury were to change its mind about the takeover, it would pay a handsome penalty for it, hence such a situation arising became highly unlikely. The Kraft management, led by Irene Rosenfeld also assured that Kraft had a great respect for Cadburys brands, employees and reputable history and therefore the employees of Cadbury would  Ã‚   do well in the new environment. Also, she verbally assured that under the new agreement the previous contractual rights of the employees would remain the same as before. Market Structure Of The Two Companies Cadbury and Kraft are both multinational operations with activities in both developed and developing countries. Cadbury is however the market leader in UK and Irelands confectionary where consumers have a liking for British chocolate containing vegetable oil having a richer taste in milk and also sweeter as opposed to continental chocolate having cocoa fat content; hence Kraft has a low share in such markets. Also, Cadburys strong standing in the Indian (Schweppes) and North American Markets was cleverly identified by Kraft who wanted to tap it and exploit under its own name now to add to its success story. Advantages Of The Takeover For Kraft. It was the biggest cross-border acquisition this year. Such a deal clearly pushed Kraft as number 1 dealer in confectionary. A merger allowed Kraft to gain a footing in the fast growing chewing gum category. Kraft management believes that the combination of the two companies is both a strategic as well as complimentary fit, boasting a portfolio of over 40 confectionary brands each having the ability to yield annual sales of over $100 million. A combination of Kraft products like Toblerone, Oreos and Ritz crackers with Trident gum and Dairy Milk chocolates from Cadbury would result in $625 million annual pretax cost savings on annual company costs of research and development, advertising, branding and procurement. There would also be a significant level of revenue synergy ($50 billion annually) that would subsequently result in higher earnings per share. After the takeover, Kraft would have a greater ability to compete with the giant Nestle on confectionary grounds by increasing its market share in Britain and enjoying the benefits of Cadburys strong geographical networking in Asia. Krafts growth prospects would brighten through access to new brands particularly in the confectionary department along with new distribution channels for the existing products which are outside US. These constitute about one third of the market in developing countries such as Africa, China and India. Advantages Of The Takeover For Cadbury Cadbury would profit from Krafts extensive distribution network around the globe. Cadbury had been vulnerable to a takeover ever since it demerged its US soft drinks business. This high takeover bid was an attractive opportunity to do away with such a fear. A combined Kraft and Cadbury would significantly expand the global reach of both businesses and create synergies worth in the region of $625m. Since a stand-alone Cadbury â€Å"had limited opportunities for value creation,† agreement to the contract for takeover seemed like a wise decision. Disadvantages Of The Takeover Along with the obvious benefits come the many challenges and ethical issues. These are primarily high debt issues and employee layoffs.   The high debt position of Kraft has further worsened with the takeover as funds were borrowed to pay the Cadbury shareholders a higher yield. Kraft also sold off its frozen Pizza line in order to make the takeover happen. The unions are worried that the jobs of hundreds would be at stake (estimated 9000plus) as Kraft would try to reduce costs to operate efficiently and pay back its debts. The company has also not given any formal assurance that it would protect 4500 UK jobs. Also it is a known fact that when a company needs to cut costs, jobs and job conditions suffer. The British Government also opposes takeovers of British companies by foreign giants as it nearly always leads to job losses. This takeover too was met with resistance including Gordon Browns advice and insistence against its happening but the shareholders overruled it and still went ahead with the deal. According to a Union head, â€Å"This is a very sad day for U.K. manufacturing. A successful, iconic, independent U.K. brand will now be owned by a giant company with massive debt.† In the face of such a scenario, even if employees are laid off it will not affect those who are rich and/ or are major shareholders in the company.   For example, if the chairman, Roger Carr gets axed, he would still walk away with $30 million! This proves that it is the low level managers and employees who feel the vulnerability of such an action. According to David Bailey, professor at Coventry University Business School; Serious questions need to be asked about Krafts intentions†¦ Kraft already has a track record of cutting production and moving production abroad†¦ Theres no guarantee that theyll keep production in the UK in the long run. When employees of both companies were interviewed to ask about their view points, most expressed fear and uncertainty. They were resistant to the idea of such a large company where their positions and titles might be reduced or lost due to the massive structure. They are also despondent of their lack of involvement in this decision. According to one employee, â€Å"nobody really knows what is going to happen, but it is definitely not going to be pleasant.† A disadvantage for Krafts shareholders of the takeover is that they now mentally feel less financially strong as assets were being sold and the entire pizza production plant worth $3.7 billion was sold to raise money for the takeover. The Market Theories Being Practiced The Market theory witnessed in such a situation is a combination of globalization practiced over countries and between countries of the two companies having their origins in US and UK. The practice generated by Kraft, in this case, was that of a hostile takeover, where the big company used its aggressive stance on growth to acquire a smaller company. This is a very certain way to achieve company growth. In the event of a significant bid for shares, the shareholders are likely accept the offer but the board of directors more likely to resist. This is exactly what happened with this takeover too, however due to low bid price initially, the shareholders were not inclined towards the idea until the bid became impossible to resist. Some Kraft shareholders too were also strongly against this idea, especially Warren Buffett who felt that Kraft was overpaying Cadbury when there was no need for Cadburys products in Krafts portfolio for long term growth. He expressed his desire of wishing to stop the takeover if he could. Conclusion Objectively speaking, when takeovers of such a   nature occurs; Two large companies come under one brand name, with the larger one burdened with high debt, the risk of business coming down due to conflicts in operation strategies in the near future are highly likely to occur. These are not realized when the benefits of the takeover are being discussed and third parties involved in its happenings are proactive as they too are making money. These parties are usually the deal makers, lawyers and other advisers who earn their commissions irrespective of whether the deal is eventually a success or a failure. Referencing Chinn, C. The Cadbury story: a short history (1998). Brewin Books. Shwartz, S.,(2005).HosTorScience Fiction, reprint, Tom Doherty Associates Faulkner, D., (2002)Strategy, Taylor and Francis Griffin, R.,(2009)Management,5,Houghton Mifflin Slater, R., (1999), illustrated, Beard Books. Hasian, Jr, 2008, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32,249-270 www.kraftfoodscompany.com www.cadbury.co.uk www.unitetheunion.com www.ft.com www.cnn.com/2010/BUSIN Smith, A.F., Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. (2009) Columbia University Press, 286-92. Maboussin, M. J. Surge in the Urge to Merge. (2010). Legg Mason Capital Management.

The Functionalist and Marxist Views on the Purpose of Socialisation Es

The Functionalist and Marxist Views on the Purpose of Socialisation Functionalists and Marxists have very similar theories as to the socialisation process. I intend to show this and compare these similarities. There are many well-known functionalists but I am mainly focusing on the views of Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim in particular. There are many aspects of the socialisation process to cover both concerning functionalist and Marxist views, these include cultures (made up of many different branches), values (peoples beliefs), and norms (patterns of behaviour). Also primary and secondary socialisation. Functionalists and Marxists both share similar views on the socialisation process. Both viewpoints are based on the substructure of society this is formed by many external influences as follows; the family, media, religion, education and, the state. Both functionalist and Marxists believe that we are the products of social stimuli and are socialised according to our external influences. They both believe in the "top-down" theory seeing society as a stage with all these influences shaping our individual identities. " If society were a stage then we individuals are simply puppets dancing to the tune of the social structures that shape our identities- indeed our lives" (1) Functionalist and Marxists may have similar views but they do not share the same views as to why this process is. I personally believe that in a way we are like puppets, and that we are socialised into what is "right and wrong". I believe the biggest influence to be in the family, because the family are concerned with everything that shapes you... ... a lower class. To me this is wrong, as lower class seems to be putting one in ones place, lower being the operative word. The media do expose people being the positive side but then when one looks at copycat crimes you can't help but blame the media. A lot of influence does come in way of the family but this stems back generations and some adapt quicker to change than others. These too have been socialised by their peers and unfortunately can result in these inequalities in society remaining. However if people did not conform to the norms/values that society thrusts upon them, and there were many deviants, this would surely result in anarchy. But so it is, people do conform, and surely enough society roles on as, as both functionalist and Marxists agree " society is more important than the individuals within it"(12)

A Window into Adolescent Literacy Essay -- Literary Analysis, Wise, Sc

Over the course of the 21st century, there has been a steady decline in the rate of high school graduates. With such an important factor to the success of adolescents, school administrations have begun to take notice of such unacceptable findings. In this process they have attempted to understand the needs of our youth and the methods that give them the opportunity to become better readers, writers and overall students. To these young individuals, these years of development are pivotal to there success as adults. Educators must work together with the student to understand their individual forms of learning, not every student is the same and must be given the opportunity to learn no matter what the circumstance might be. The years prior to when an individual reaches the opportunity to attend college, is one of much importance. Especially when it comes to Literacy, this alone spreads into all subject areas. Literacy should be considered one of the most important aspects of a student’s career, if not the most important. Research by Bob Wise (2009) suggests that the main problem in today’s districts is that a good amount of administrations believe that literacy comes after school reform on the list of important topics. The belief is that the problem is not associated to all adolescents; therefore it should be the responsibility of the English teachers. The problem there is that students start to fall behind in all subjects and many end up having to repeat grade levels. Teachers in all subject areas should put a strong emphasis on literacy, and when the student starts to struggle, there responsibility should be to refer them to extra help or provide assistance themselves, its never benefi cial for the student if the educators belie... ...g, you don’t learn it, you absorb it. You don’t even realize it because it’s such a joyful feeling that it just sticks with you. You want to learn more about it and in the process you pursue as much information as you possibly can. I honestly believe that in this new era of social networking, the students I teach one day will have better literacy skills then I did at their age. They are constantly bombarded by messaging, texting, emailing etc†¦ It’s our job to understand them and take the fundamental values of literacy, combine it with our own instruction, and then implemented with there own interests and give these students all a better opportunity at learning. It sounds like plenty of work for educators, but we should not look at it as work, but more of passion to teach these students the fundamental values of literacy, which will one day, provide them success.

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) Essay -- Biology Animals Researc

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) The text of this paper will cover a description of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and research involving the species. The first topic to be discussed by this paper is a description of D. virginiana, which was until recently referred to as Didelphis marsupialis. The description of the opossum will start with a taxonomic description of the species. Following, will be the opossums appearance, and last will be the life cycle of the noted species. The opossum, Didelphis virginiana, takes its name from two different languages. The name Didelphis is made up of the two Greek words â€Å"di†, and â€Å"delphys† which stand for â€Å"two wombs† referring to the female opossums paired reproductive tract. The name â€Å"virginiana†, means â€Å"of Virginia† in its Latinized form. This refers to the where the first scientific specimen was found and catalogued (The Georgia). The taxonomic classification of the opossum is as follows: Domain: Eukarya; Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Marsupialia; Family: Didelphidae; Genus: Didelphis; Species: Virginiana (Savage 45). The appearance of D. virginiana is quite unique. It has a length of approximately 650 – 900 millimeters (25.4 – 35.1 inches), and a weight of approximately 1.8 – 4.5 kilograms (4 – 10 pounds) (Yahner 11). The opossum has a gray, or black, hair color scheme, with a scaly prehensile tail (Merritt 33). The forefeet and hind feet both have five clawed toes. However, the hind big toe is opposable and resembles a thumb (Merritt 35). The opossum, being a marsupial, also has a pouch (Yahner 11). The life cycle of Didelphis virginiana is quite interesting, ... ...bdominal cavities of the given marsupials, and enclosing them in pens at a constant temperature, the researchers were able to get more exact mean body temperatures for the marsupials. They were also able to find the circadian, or twenty-four hour, rhythms in the body temperatures of the marsupials. The mean body temperature for D. virginiana was found to be 35.1 degrees Celsius, with a range from 33.8 to 36.3 degrees Celsius. The lower range of the temperature was found to be during the day. The results for D. virginiana were similar to previous calculations of mean body temperature. The data from this study was compared to eutharian mammals, which showed similar differences among their species (Gemmell). In conclusion, the text of this paper has covered a description of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and research involving the species.

Meena Bazar Essay

Meena Bazar is one of the largest retail supermarket chain in Bangladesh with International standards, opened in 2002 and operates in Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna division. Meena Bazar outlets are carrying almost 12,000-15,000 products for sale & providing convenient shopping experience, easy parking and friendly customer service for its customers. Meena Bazar is a subsidiary of Gemcon Food & Agricultural Products Ltd, producing organic products, dairy items, prepared food & herbal products. Meena Bazar is not only catering such items to its shoppers, but also educating them about their benefits. In order to offer the best possible price to its valuable customers, Meena Bazar procure their produce items directly from the farmers, cutting the middlemen, while ensuring high quality, freshness and continuous availability. Meena Bazar is also known as one of the trustworthy food suppliers of the nation, hence it is committed to deliver its’ best of the very best by expanding its s phere all over Bangladesh. Design a store layout which gives smooth and effective flow Design elegant products which can be flat-packed efficiently Site stores of an appropriate size in the most effective locations Maintain cleanliness and safety of storage area Arrange for fast replenishment of products Monitor and enhance quality of service to customers Continually examine and improve operations practice Ensure that the jobs of all staff encourage their contribution to business success Operations Management at Meena Bazar * Design a store layout which gives smooth and effective flow: Approximately 15 million customers visit Meena bazar’s retail shop each year. New store designs showcase merchandise in an engaging and contemporary fashion, keeping pace with evolving retail trends. 1. Storefront Design 2. Interior Design 3. Lighting Design 4. Sounds and Smells: Total Sensory Marketing The follow grid layout, which gives them some advantages like, Low cost, Customer familiarity, Merchandise exposure, Ease of cleaning, simplified security, Possibility of self-service. * Ensure that the jobs of all staff encourage their contribution to business success In Meena bazaar they actually follow some procedure to ensure that that all staff are giving their best for the business success. * measuring employee performance and holding employees accountable, * providing the communication necessary to align each employee’s actions with the organization’s overall business goals, * pursuing the employee development necessary to ensure success, and * Making a commitment (time, tools, attention, reinforcement, training, and so forth) to keeping employees engaged over the long haul because they fundamentally believe and understand that no other strategy will produce as much success – for both the business and the employees. Recognition and reward, Effective performance feedback, Shared values and guiding principles, relate effectively with employees, Positive relationships with coworkers. * Continually examining and improving operations practice (called operations improvement) At least one new consumer packaged goods product is launched somewhere in the world every two minutes. Retailers know they can increase market share if they can be first in their trading area to introduce a popular new item or do a better job of marketing it than their competitors.† Distribution, Placement, Point of sale, Promotions, Price Changes are important aspects to examine and improve their operations practice. * Monitoring and enhancing quality of service to customers (called quality management) Quality in retailing is a package, consisting of goods quality and service quality in combination. Quality assurance systems aim to maintain a consistent level of quality in the flow of goods, and quality control system aim to halt the progress of faulty products in supply chain. There are some processes that meena bazaar applying in their shop to give the best service to the customer. So, they flow some process to give the full satisfaction to the customers. * Customers are assets of the retail business and the retailer can’t afford to lose even a single customer. * Greet customers with a smile. * Assist them in their shopping. * The sales representatives should help the individuals buy merchandise as per their need and pocket. * The retailer must not oversell his products to the customers. Let them decide on their own. * Give the individual an honest and correct feedback. If any particular outfit is not looking good on anyone, tell him the truth and suggest him some better options. * Never compromise on quality of products. Remember one satisfied customer brings five more individuals to the store. Word of mouth plays an important role in Brand Promotion. * Arrange for fast replenishment of products: High margin items should be placed in high traffic Areas. High demand items should be placed in low traffic areas. Complementary items should be placed near each other. Seasonal needs should be considered. Items needing frequent restocking should be placed near storerooms or cash registers. Larger departments should be placed in lower traffic areas. So they can easily arrange for the fast replenishment of products. * The retailer must ensure to manage inventory to avoid being â€Å"out of stock†. * Every retail chain should have its own warehouse to stock the merchandise. * Take adequate steps to prevent loss of inventory and stock * Maintain cleanliness and safety of storage area The Meena bazaar store always offers a positive ambience to the customers for them to enjoy their shopping and leave with a smile. * The store should not give a cluttered look. * The products should be properly arranged on the shelves according to their sizes and patterns. Make sure products do not fall off the shelves. * There should be no foul smell in the store as it irritates the customers. * The floor, ceiling, carpet, walls and even the mannequins should not have unwanted spots. * Never dump unnecessary packing boxes, hangers or clothes in the dressing room. Keep it clean. * Make sure the customers are well attended. * Don’t allow customers to carry eatables inside the store. * Site stores of an appropriate size in the most effective locations Strengths of the Meena Bazar is Size allows for competitive buying terms, Strong senior management, Flexible formats. Opportunities of the Meena Bazar are Forming or merging a strategic alliance with suppliers, Growth of non-food, Growth of convenience and compact hypermarket formats, Effective use of Clubcard database to increase basket size and Develop additional services. They have their branches in the most effective area like dhanmondi, jatrabari, uttara, banana, kuril and so on in almost all over the country. * Design elegant products which can be flat-packed efficiently Product will be designed in a way which is compact so that it can be attractive and minimization of shipment cost. Category signage helps consumers negotiate throughout the store to find the product categories they are looking for. The size of category signage varies widely from a lettering that is a few feet in height to merely inches. Space Productivity represents how effectively the retailer utilizes its space and is usually measured by sales per square foot of selling space or gross margin dollars per square foot of selling space.

How effective was Richard III as a king from 1483 †1485? Essay

At first, to associate Richard II with effectiveness seems an odd thing to do. He is a king with one of the shortest reigns in English history. He came to a violent end and his death was not only the end of the Yorkist dynasty, but also an end to the male line of the Plantagenet dynasty that had been on the throne since Henry VI in 1154. Richard III has always been one of the better-known losers of history, with an appalling reputation for excessive ambition and ruthlessness. He was also in the only king to die in battle with the exception of Harold II (Godwinsson) in 1066. On the other hand, there is some evidence of his being an effective monarch. He was an active and hardworking king who wanted to se his ideas firmly established across England. He was also a pious man with a well-used book of hours. He had ability as a soldier and administrator. He also courted popularity by many means. He was dedicated to the promotion of justice, especially for the poor. This was shown in a proclamation issued in Kent following the 1483 rebellion, â€Å"the king’s highness is fully determined to see due administration of justice throughout his realm†¦and to reform, punish and subdue all extortions and oppressions the same.† In addition to the proclamation, Richard also showed his desire to enforce law and order with equality by supplications. This meant access to law was opened up to people who could previously not afford it. Richard’s first act as king was to deliver a strict lecture to his judges in Westminster Hall on the impartial administration of justice for all his subjects. Another way of improving his popularity was to abolish benevolences, which had been greatly resented during Edward IV’s reign. This began to happen when, after his coronation, he went on progress around and made a point of declining benevolences offered to him, stating that he would not practice the extortions of his brother’s reign. The official abolition occurred in 1484. He also established the College of Arms in 1484 and transferred Henry VI’s remains to Windsor, a political gesture, showing that he was respectful towards the dead. Although Richard III had a fairly narrow power base, he did use patronage effectively, especially towards the nobility. This can be shown by his generosity to the duke of Norfolk. His rewards included his duchy, his share of the Mowbray inheritance and the estates of the earl of Oxford. Another nobleman who benefited from Richard’s patronage was the duke of Buckingham, who was amply rewarded for his involvement in Richard’s usurpation, receiving the constableship of England among other things. Richard III showed his courage and his ability to use his powers as king in the speed of his suppression of the 1483 rebellion. The uprising occurred in October in the counties south of the Thames, led by former servants of Edward IV. The duke of Buckingham joined it at a later stage. Large parts of the south were rebelling for over a month, but although the rebellion was serious and threatening, it failed. This was largely due to Richard’s vigilance and effective use of spies. He used the duke of Norfolk to crush the rebels in the South East, and concentrated his own efforts effectively against Buckingham. Due to a combination of Buckingham’s failure to raise support from his tenantry, an exceptional storm that kept him trapped in Wales and his betrayal in Shropshire, Buckingham was brought to Salisbury under Richard’s power and executed in December 1483. In two months the rebellion had been effectively quashed. An important measure of good kingship is the domestic government. Richard continued and developed the Yorkist system of government, including the chamber system begun by his brother, Edward IV. He continued the policy of recovering lapsed feudal dues and improved the Crown’s demesne through forfeiture. He was particularly vigilant in the promotion of law and order as explained previously, establishing the master of requests, John Harrington. He also established the Council of the North to fill the power vacuum he had left under his nephew, the earl of Lincoln. This meant that no one noble was given extreme power, thus limiting opposition to the crown. However, there is an equal amount of evidence suggesting that Richard III was an ineffective king. Although some aspects of his domestic government were strong, as explained in the previous paragraph, his foreign policy was largely unsuccessful. This is shown by the fact that Henry Tudor gained foreign backing to enable him to invade England in 1485. Part of Richard’s failure was due to bad luck. He had inherited a conflict with Scotland and strained relations with the French, as a result of the treaty of Arras in 1482. The situation was worsened after the death of Louis XI because a situation similar to that before Richard’s usurpation had arisen. The French Government did not want noblemen attempting usurpations after being in contact with Richard III, so shut down relations further. By making a truce with Brittany, Richard III suggested the possible renewal of the Triple Alliance and a possible English invasion to the French Government, which increased their hostilit y. Although Richard III continued and developed the chamber system that had proved so effective during Edward IV’s reign, however, his expenditure was greater than his income and he had growing financial problems by 1485. He was frequently accused of wasting the surplus gained in his predecessor’s reign, although Edward’s military expenses, his funeral and Richard’s own coronation, had considerably reduced it. By 1485 it was necessary for him to request loans from his greater subjects, which were largely not granted and deeply resented. There is also another side to the argument concerning the 1483 rebellion. Richard’s speedy reaction to the rebellion meant that a lot of the danger was reduced; however it did continue to have a detrimental effect on his authority and power-base throughout his reign. Many of the rebel leaders had escaped and crossed the channel to join Henry Tudor in Brittany forming a court in exile. This turned Henry Tudor into a more serious threat and lost Richard a great deal of support. The rebellion also signified the failure to project himself as Edward’s natural successor due to the high number of his brother’s servants who rebelled. Therefore he attempted to impose his rule upon the southern subjects by putting members of his northern retinue in positions of power in the South. This only served to increase resentment as the southern gentry felt these positions were rightly theirs. Only one member of the southern gentry fought with Richard III at the battle of Bosworth. Richard failed to swing the opinions of the â€Å"super-magnates† in his favour. These were a few very powerful men scattered around the country whose support really mattered. This can be shown with the earl of Northumberland. Although he was instrumental in Richard’s rise to power he wasn’t given power over the North as he had expected, and was under the control of the Council of the North chaired by the earl of Lincoln who was an outsider to northern affairs. Thomas Lord Stanley was also important by his ability to change sides at the most opportune moment. Due to Richard III’s failure to firmly secure Lord Stanley on his side, Stanley intervened at the battle of Bosworth at a crucial time against Richard and aided in his loss of the battle. Propaganda was another weak area of Richard’s kingship, which is demonstrated by the ineffectiveness of his 1484 act. This was meant to confirm the validity of Richard III’s claim to the throne and act as proclamation against Henry Tudor. This stated the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV was invalid; therefore any children were illegitimate; that the children of Clarence were debarred from the succession by his attainder; condemned the government of Edward IV due to the Woodville influence, described as harmful to English security, immoral and corrupt. Very few of Richard’s subjects believed the content of the proclamation and it did no good to Richard III’s popularity. Although some of the problems during Richard’s reign were doubtless caused by his personal mistakes almost all of them were reinforced by bad luck. For example, the breakdown of relations with France was already begun in Edward’s reign due to the bitterness caused by the terms of the Treaty of Arras. There is another argument that Richard III could never be a truly effective king due to the nature of his rise to power. This idea means that he was not ineffective because of his own personal abilities but his actions in 1483 meant he faced continual opposition from the day he seized power. Despite how historians have attempted to justify Richard’s usurpation, it was unique in the murder of his nephew’s, showing an extreme level of naked aggression, which shocked even the most hardened of hearts. Although all usurpations have a certain aspect of aggression and ambition, Richard alone isolated so many key groups and is essential the only failed, not establishing his dynasty successfully, usurpation in English history. The case against Richard III concerning the princes in the tower is extremely strong. The rumours concerning their death were politically harmful to Richard III and could easily be scotched by producing the Princes. However, Richard failed to ever offer any alternative evidence to their disappearance. His only counter-argument was under the pretext of protecting them, which did not satisfy his subjects. This lack of faith in Richard III led to the emergence of a Tudor-Woodville alliance as an alternative leadership. Many important members of the English gentry joined the Tudor-Woodville alliance, notably Buckingham when he joined the 1483 rebellion. More members of the gentry joined Henry Tudor in Brittany following the rebellion, as Richard did not succeed in executing the leading rebels. This led to the creation of an alternative court in Brittany allowing Henry Tudor to build up his support base and strengthen his position. Many contributing factors led to Richard II’s failure to widen his power-base. Although he had a very large retinue, who he relied on implicitly, it was too narrow a political base to be secure. This was partly due to Richard’s own personality; he was a suspicious man in general, generous to those who earned his trust, but unwilling to let many close to him. However it was also due to the hostility of a large portion of the population towards him. Richard was never popular in the south and many others could not overcome their personal worries about his self-serving ambition. This meant he was entrapped within the narrow base of his northern support. Although I have explained previously in this essay many ways in which Richard III attempted to win popularity, none seemed to work. The methods employed by Richard, when other kings in history had used them did succeed in gaining support, so it was not due to Richard’s own effectiveness or ineffectiveness. Again the opposition towards him appears to have been based on the events of 1483 where his actions were interpreted as desperate, ruthless and hypocritical. It was not only his supposed murder of his nephews that caused resentment, people in the City of London were also against his murder of Lord Hastings during his time as protector, and uproar was only prevented through the use of Richard’s retinue. Overall I believe that Richard III was ineffective as a monarch between 1483 and 1485. However, this is not wholly because of his individual character, but mainly the events and singularly ambitious nature of his usurpation that he could not conquer by any means. As A.R. Myers said in England and the Late Middle Ages â€Å"Had he come to the throne in the normal way, his ability†¦might have given him a long and successful reign. As it was†¦[his] qualities were not enough to overcome the formidable hostility to him.†

Human behavior in Late adulthood stage Essay

The paper will be focusing on the stages of psychosocial development specifically that of the Later Adulthood Stage. Though this stage of adulthood does not share the same significance to the other developmental stages in adulthood, especially to the earlier stages, at least in terms of how the individual sees his or her world in the context of one’s closing days of life and vice versa. Nevertheless, the Late Adulthood Stage remains of utmost significance for the reason that it holds one crucial aspect in the final development stage of an adult: the integrity of the ego. It must be noted at this point that the ego in the Late Adulthood Stage has already absorbed within the span of the individual’s life processes and life in general a considerable degree of experience. What remains in this stage are the radiations of past experiences that have not withered away with the forgetfulness of human memory, as well as the individual’s reformed perceptions of his or her world that have adapted to the series of changes in one’s environment and that have also shaped the very structure of the environment where one dwells in. A look into some of the significant details of this stage reveals the weight of this particular phase in contrast to the other stages in adulthood whereby the unique strands of psychosocial precepts that properly belong to this stage identifies it as more than just a culminating phase. Theoretical backgrounds In Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, the Late Adult Stage summarizes its major tasks in the development of the adult in terms of introspection. This is primarily because this phase is essentially the stage wherein the individual is only able to perform fewer activities in contrast to the early years of one’s life where the person is actively participating, to a certain extent, in either leisure or work. Whereas younger people constantly interact with their surroundings and with other individuals, older people who belong to the last stage of human development are, in many cases, physically unable to meet the necessities required by leisure and work. For the most part, although the aged people can barely enjoin themselves in these physically challenging activities, the Later Adulthood stage in Erikson’s theory tells us that these individuals spend most of their time instead on recollecting in their memory the experiences they had in the early chapters of their lives. Thus, as one can observe among the elderly, their acts of relating stories of previous meddling with past events and persons reveal one aspect of human introspection. It manifests their attempt, at the very least, to cope with their physical inability or lacking in terms of mobility by contemplating on whatever is remaining in their memory. More importantly, the Later Adulthood stage highlights the inevitable fact in human life: death. As with the aged people, the wisdom they have acquired in their many endeavors during their younger days all point them to the inescapable fact of death thereby insinuating a sense of fear in their minds. As this fact is instilled in their thoughts, the elderly are eventually placed in a rather uncomfortable situation as their days are drawn closer to its closing chapters. This is the point wherein their views on both life and death are further defined by themselves, testing their maturity and emotional capability to accept such fact and to acquire the sufficient integrity and belief in their selves so as not to succumb to the fear of dying. Robert Havighurst, in his perception on the developmental tasks in the life of the individual, points our attention to his interpretation on the later maturity stage of the individual. He asserts that after the time of retirement from one’s occupation, the individual eventually undergoes several adjustments in the sense that the person begins to adapt a new lifestyle that fits the conditions that beset the individual. These conditions, especially after finally closing the window for a previous occupation, are reflected in many ways. A few of these conditions include relocating to a smaller house or the reduction in one’s income among many others. These circumstances ultimately brings changes, either drastic or gradual, to the living conditions in the life of the person that one is in turn prompted to realign one’s manner of living with new measures. In essence, Havighurst suggests that the elderly are more after the attempt at â€Å"holding on† to life rather than the actual seizing of the things that life has to offer. That is, the state of life of the elderly can be seen as one that is inclined to â€Å"maintain† life or the things that one already has in life rather than the expansion of it. To be taught of news ways of living entails not only the adoption of new approaches in dealing with the necessities brought about by age and one’s physical deterioration. It also entails the idea that these elderly people are bound to attempt at putting more effort in â€Å"holding on† to life, quite apart from the idea that they ought to broaden their perception of the world and their perception of both life and death. In the context of the theories that revolve around the analysis on the stages of human development in terms of the psychosocial perspective as well as the patterns of behavior exhibited by the elderly, we can fairly extract the idea as hypothesis that these patterns of behavior are the results of the developed perceptions of the elderly with the further realization of death or, at the very least, the deterioration of one’s health and living conditions. Methodology The participants in the interview are composed of 20 non-working elderly from the male and female genders with age 60 and above randomly chosen. All of the participants can understand and speak the English language, their primary language, and are residents of the United States of America. The religious orientation of the participants is Roman Catholicism as well as they are financially dependent on the insurance money they receive every month, apart from the medical assistance they are able to acquire from it. Moreover, the participants are now living on their own, with their families living in their respective homes separate from their elderly.

How Were Markets and Fairs an Important Part of Medieval Life

Lesly Kurian 8 June 2007 â€Å"First of all, there are the hucksters who sell food to the public, the beer sellers, the publicans, and then the weavers. Not far off are the drapers, and then the parchment sellers’ pitch. Then the open space where they sell uncured skins and wool†¦Here comes the people leading the animals- cows, oxen, ewes and pigs, and men selling horses, the best you can buy, mares, foals, and palfreys, suitable for counts and kings. † Many people came to buy items from markets and fairs, including the 13th century poet who described a typical market (Pierre and Sabbagh 54).Markets were important to daily life because most of the items people bought there, they couldn’t grow or make themselves. People also made a living by selling goods there. Going to markets also gave people a chance to see goods produced in other towns (MacDonald 8). Markets were held once a week and usually lasted for a day or two (9). Since many towns were built near r ivers, merchants could easily come to them and set up stalls and tents (Grant). In the center of town, there was a large space for stalls to be set up. In wealthy towns, markets were held in grand halls or covered by a canvas roof from the weather.In the market, officials checked and measured items and identified fake money (Mac Donald 9). Merchants sold an incredible variety of items for daily life; food, utensils, tools, clothing, art, and combs (â€Å"Markets and Fairs†, MacDonald 8). Rich merchants set up stalls to sell these items. However, peasants who came to sell their goods couldn’t afford stalls, so they were forced to display on the ground. Even worse, they had to pay a tax if they displayed on the ground (â€Å"Markets and Fairs†)! Superstitions were strong in markets too!In a typical market, a cross or holy statue was placed in the center to protect customers from any danger (MacDonald 9)! Eventually, merchants started visiting and trading in other areas. By the 12th century, many became traders and used ships on trade routes (Langley 46). Most traders used ships because they could carry large loads over a long distance versus carts on roads (Grant, MacDonald 11). Items usually transported on ships were wool, metals, timber, oil, wine, and salt (â€Å"Markets and Fairs†). As trade increased, major castles and cities became wealthy. New towns were created during the High Middle Ages because of this immense wealth.Some even became independent of a lord or king’s rule by paying him a tax (Langley 48). As new towns were created, the population grew and some towns grew into major cities, like Paris, Venice, London, and Florence. The increase of trade also provided jobs for many and helped spread ideas around the world. Cities often became contacts and allies because of this (MacDonald 10). One group of contacts was called the Hanseatic League. It linked over 100 towns with each other. This group dominated Northern Eur opean trade from the 13th to the 15th centuries (Pierre and Sabbagh 54, Grant).Trading among towns led way to fairs. Fairs were very special occasions because people got to look at and buy foreign and expensive items not sold at markets (MacDonald 9). They gave people a chance to take a break from daily life and enjoy themselves. They were held once a year on a saint’s feast day (Langley 54). Fairs were usually located on the outskirts of town because there was enough grassland for traders to set up their tents and graze their animals (MacDonald 9). Traders from many different lands sold specialty items at fairs.Valuable furs, such as lynx and leopard, were popular. People also took interest in special foods like pig meat and onions. Tools and weapons were also available (Pierre and Sabbagh 54). Entertainment and refreshments was also a large part of fairs. Jugglers, stunts men, acrobats and musicians performed there. Gambling was also part of fairs. Men bet on who would win a fight; wrestlers and dogs against bears and cockfights were popular (â€Å"Markets and Fairs†). Refreshments, especially during hot weather, were enjoyable. Bakers and brewers served pies, or chewets, and beer (Langley 54).There was special fair called the Fairs of Champagne, in France. It went on throughout the whole year without stop. Merchants, traders, and customers alike all flocked there to sell and buy goods. Unfortunately, it ended during war in the 15th century (Pierre and Sabbagh 54). As anyone can see, markets and fairs during Medieval Times were an important part of daily life. They provided needed items for life and occasional luxuries, too. However, not everyone appreciated markets and fairs. Preachers often complained that fairs were held on holy days so people would shop instead of pray!They also believed that markets and fairs were places that people sinned the most; cursing, boasting, lying and arguing all happened there (MacDonald 9). Imagine that! Biblio graphy Grant, Neil. Everyday Life in Medieval Europe. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2001. Langley, Andrew. Medieval Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. MacDonald, Fiona. Town Life. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media: 2005. Pierre, Michel and Morgan-Antoine Sabbagh. Europe in the Middle Ages. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1998. N/A. â€Å"Markets and Fairs† N/A. Online. http://www. xtec. es/crle/02/middle_ages/alumne/index. htm. 20 May 2007.

Managing Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Activities - Essay Example The Chairman, Stuart Rose, has the responsibility for the monitoring of all business activities; however, executive directors have placed at each organizational department ensuring the close control over the firm’s activities. Apart from the directors of each department there are also directors that are not related with a particular organizational sectors – non - executive directors. Although their role in the development of business activities is not made clear it can be assumed that they can intervene in all firm’s sectors – in accordance with the CEO’s guidelines or the relevant suggestions of each department’s executive director. It is assumed that cooperation and coordination are strongly promoted in the workplace. The development of divisions within the organization increases the effectiveness of the firm’s control over its activities. As for the firm’s organizational culture, there are some points that need to be highligh ted. All business activities are developed in accordance with the Corporate Governance Framework and the Code of Ethics – as presented in the firm’s website. In accordance with the corporate website, the corporate governance is based on the following principles: ‘quality, value, service, innovation and trust’ (corporate website, governance framework, 2009). A characteristic element of the firm’s governance is the use of the so-called ‘plan – A’ which aims to align all corporate activities with the environmental needs – promotion of sustainability through the business operations. In other words, corporate culture is based on the following values: application of corporate and social ethics and protection of the environment. 1b. The development of Marks and Spencer in the market – both the British and the international – has been achieved through the promotion of a series of values and the active support to the principles of

LEGAL ASPECTS OF HOSPITALITY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LEGAL ASPECTS OF HOSPITALITY - Research Paper Example As a means of drawing inference upon these specific sectors of interest, this particular student will analyze these factors based upon the determinant of seeking to become a hotel manager. Furthermore, when choosing this particular topic, it came to the attention of the researcher that the specific subject matter has a direct correlation to both the legal matters as well as the applicability and practicality of choosing this specific field as a potential future career path. The reasons for this are as follows: 1) hotel management provides the most direct link between the client, the employee, and providing a high quality of service/ensuring future profitability, 2) hotel management requires that the hotel manager should be perennially cognizant of the means by which legal issues impact upon the work that they engage in, 3) hotel management is a promising and rapidly growing sector that represents a high level of opportunity for the graduate that has a background in hospitality or tou rism related sectors. The Responsibilities of the Hotel Manager Given the role of a hotel manager or the Deputy or Operations Manager, in absence of the general manager, he is to run the hotel on a daily basis. The hotel manager is tasked to give solutions to the emergencies and problem the hotel faces each and every day. The hotel manager also take charge of the different departments of the hotel. But most of all, the operations manager reports to the general manager who will give the tasks and responsibilities to him. The general manager asks for jobs to be done and sometimes does not necessarily ask for any rationales as long as he gets what he wanted. Thus it can be said that being a hotel manager is one of the most challenging job a hotel industry major can ever pursue as a career having to ensure the job gets done under his management an he gives smiles to his boss at the end of the day. What should be done? What are the jobs to be done by the management team as well as the la bor force? As enumerated by ACCOR (n.d.), the hotel industry "has a key role to play in sustainable development. Indeed, every hotel faces at its level the main current environmental issues: building heating, water consumption, household (guest) and industrial (laundry, restaurant) waste management, site preservation†¦ A hotel is thus a real proving ground for exploring new technologies and new lifestyles." These responsibilities are not as easy as they seem. The ground work for everything to keep together in a daily basis while having different sets of guests, season, environmental and financial status as well as the unexpected calamities may hinder keeping the employees do their responsibilities. The hotel operation is 24/7 and does not have any break time or closing hours like any other business. From maintaining the cleanliness, serving the requests of the guests and keeping all the facilities up and running smoothly require enough knowledge and dedication from the staff. A ccording to the interview done by Harvey Chipkin (2013) to Ted Mandigo, a veteran