The Great President Of The 20th Century - 1233 Words

The great president of the 20th century was Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt pushed the United States into the progressive movement and changed how the government interacted with big businesses. He was the first president since Lincoln to enforce change on the united state to better the American people s lives. Roosevelt was born on October 27th, 1858 in Manhatten, NY to Theodore Roosevelt Sr. and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, a relatively wealthy family. Roosevelt was one of four of the children in his family and suffered poor and debilitating asthma. Roosevelt was mostly home schooled by his tutors and his parents, he later attended Harvard where he received a degree in â€Å"magna cum laude† in 1880. While in Harvard he also participated in†¦show more content†¦In 1897 William McKinley would appoint Roosevelt as the assistant secretary of the U.S navy following the Spanish-American war. Roosevelt would gain much fame for his effort in the naval blockade. This then leads Roosevelt after the war to leave his positions as assistant secretary of the navy to joining the and founding the rough riders where he led his cavalry into battle that also gave his name more fame. Upon returning home Roosevelt successfully ran for governor of New York. many of the party people did not agree with Roosevelt effort for change and placed in as a runner for vice president Mckinley where he then became the 25th vice president of the united states. On September 6th, 1901 Mckinley was shot and died eight days later. Roosevelt would then become the 26th president of the united states at the age of 42 on September 14th, 1901, he would be the nation s youngest president of all time. Roosevelt began his presidency demanding change and would ultimately start the progressive movement. Roosevelt would create the square deal, breaking of trusts, spreading the wealth among the American people, regulating railroads, creating national forests, Panama canal and creating the environmental protection agency(EPA) and the safe food and drug administration (FDA). Roosevelt square deal was three basic ideas that he put into effect as president. The three main ideas were protectingShow MoreRelatedPolitical Party During The 20th Century1411 Words   |  6 Pages the 20th century signifies a large part of American history. The events that occurred during that time period helped mold the United States into the world leader it is today. While the 20th century was dominated by Democratic leaders, the Republican party still had presidential icons such as Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Dwight Eisenhower. With the amounts of political pull on both sides, it raises the question as to which political party was more successful during the 20th century. AlthoughRead MoreImperialism : The Age Of Imperialism1010 Words   |  5 PagesIndira Yuldasheva C band Expansionism Essay The late 19th century and early 20th century is known as the â€Å"Age of Imperialism†, a period in which major world powers, including the United States, adopted a policy of expansionism. Expansionism is defined as the policy of territorial or economic expansion, which is often achieved through diplomacy or military force. During this time period, the United States notably acquired territory in the Pacific and Latin America. The nation’s growing colonialRead MoreThe Great Communicator : Ronald Reagan1300 Words   |  6 Pageshttps://www.paperrater.com/plagiarism_checkerZachary Raduege 12/18/15 Period 5 Mrs. Dowling The Great Communicator The year is 1980. America is in a slump. Unemployment rate is at an all-time high, families and the economy are still recovering from the Vietnam War, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discountRead MoreRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 Pagesfailure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the most influential man of the 1980’s because he abolished communism by ending the Cold War Read MoreLife and Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt1112 Words   |  5 Pages Being the 32nd president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the most successful and most liked United States presidents of all time. When Roosevelt was on campaign for presidency he promised to help the economy and the needy. Being in the midsts of the Great Depression, his promise to get people and the economy back on their feet greatly helped him achieve office(Burns). During his presidency, Roosevelt led the United States through the worst crises of the century, The Great Depression and WorldRead MoreA Growing Nation Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesA Growing Nation At the turn of the century many things were happening that would affect America in ways that would have never been expected. The 1900-1940 era would have truly been an exciting time to live in. Over these four decades Americans would face some of the most difficult, and demanding trials in Americas history. These decades helped to firmly establish the American identity and without them America would be vastly different. When looking at how these four decades helped to establishRead MoreHow Big Is The National Debt And Describe Its History?905 Words   |  4 Pagesannual federal revenues.[5] In the century after Alexander Hamilton refunded the debts of the Revolutionary War with a federal debt, the United States only went into debt to pay for its wars. But then in the 1930s the administration of President Roosevelt attempted to get the nation out of the Great Depression with federal borrowings. When charted in dollars, in Chart 4.01, the total accumulation of federal debt looks huge. Looking back over the last century, the debt back in 1900 doesn’t reallyRead More Reconstruction in the 20th Century Essay examples584 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The beginning of the 20th century was a memorable time in history for the United States. This time period drastically changed our country politically and socially by reform. The Presidents that ruled our country during this era were especially powerful and made many differences, women and African Americans were starting to take a stand, and our country was able to make it all the way through the Great Depression. All of these events that took place in the early 1900sRead MoreDomestic Political State Of The Nation, Technological Advances, And Doctrinal Changes1511 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease the amount of money fueled into the military. The US no longer fights proxy wars. It fights terrorism globally, whic h was because of doctrinal change. The economic cost of waging war in the 21st century has greatly increased as compared to the economic cost of waging war in the 20th century because of the domestic political state of the nation, technological advances, and doctrinal changes made by the nation. The Vietnam War was a proxy war fought between communist and anticommunist forcesRead MoreThe Path Of Federal Vote For Women During The Mexican Revolution1502 Words   |  7 Pagesnation was known as a great independent movement, which highly looking for economic modernization, and practice liberal ideals. Because they were lacked of education, Liberal was a big concerned for women and fear that women might harm and cause more problems to the progressive politics (Pablos 45, 60). The battle for the right to vote was only thought in England, Europe and United States. However, women in Mexico going through the same movement in 19th and 20th centuries. Their involvement in

Analysis Of Sophocles Antigone, Creon, The King Of Thebes

Stalonacles â€Å"Your temper terrifies them† (Sophocles 222). In Sophocles’ tragedy â€Å"Antigone†, Creon, the obstinate king of Thebes, embodies the stereotypical monarch. Ancient Athens, where Sophocles called home, used plays to educate their audience and persuade them to think a certain way; thus, Sophocles wrote of the struggle between Creon, and his son, Haimon, from the perspective of a member if a democratic government. Sophocles sought to influence his audiences political beliefs by creating the character Creon, the King of Thebes’, whose power hunger and temper makes monarchies appear absurd; however, strengthening stereotypes as a political weapon did not cease in Ancient Greece. In the past century, American screenwriters have†¦show more content†¦In the movie, Drago punches his American opponent, a friend of Rocky’s, to the brink of death. As the boxer dies in Rocky s arms, Drago mutters, â€Å"If he dies, he dies† (Stallone). Stallone s decision to make the Russian boxer unremorseful after killing a man shows his intent on portraying Russians as ruthless killers. In the end, our hero Rocky knocks out Drago in retaliation. Some critics have even gone so far as to suggest that Rocky and Drago’s fight is symbolic of democracy’s superiority over communism (Vereykina). Nevertheless, Stallone sought to change Russia s image in the eyes of Americans through Drago’s lack of compassion in Rocky IV, just as American writers use media to influence their audiences by demonizing Russia. Not only are negative stereotypes perpetuated through â€Å"Antigone† and American media, but democracy is endorsed. In Antigone, Sophocles creates the character Haimon, Creon’s son to express the superiority of democracy over monarchies. After Creon sentences Antigone to death, Haimon approaches him and attempts to persuade him to repeal his decree. Their argument becomes a battle between conflicting political ideologies. Creon says, â€Å"My voice is the one voice giving orders in this City!† (Sophocles 220). Haimon replies, â€Å"It is no City if it takes orders from one voice† (221). Haimon challenges Creon’s belief that a monarchy should be ruled according toShow MoreRelatedJustification of Creon in Antigone by Sophocles Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesJustification of Creon in Antigone by Sophocles Antigone is a tragic play written by Sophocles in about 441b.c. The play is a continuation of the curse put upon the household of Oedipus Rex. Sophocles actually wrote this play before he wrote Oedipus, but it follows Oedipus in chronological order. The story of Antigone begins after the departure of Oedipus, the king of Thebes, into self-exile. Oedipus’ two sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, were left to rule over Thebes. An argument over rightsRead MoreSophocles The King And Antigone Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pages Sophocles wrote about kings. Mythological, or at least long dead, the regal protagonists of fraction of Sophocles’ surviving work embody the political realities of the ancients’ time. By examining and analyzing the origins and nature of kingship in Sophocles, one can glean a sliver of insight into a civilization that has all but disappeared. Sophocles’s kings were great human leaders, reaching their position through impressive deeds or standing in the community. Although they wielded great powerRead MoreAn Interpretive Analysis On Conflicting Self Reassurance1337 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone: An Interpretive Analysis on Conflicting Self-Reassurance Antigone is a complex, yet debatable play, written by Sophocles somewhere around 442 BC. Chronologically, it is the third of the three Theban plays, but was the first to be written. In addition, Antigone was also one of the most famous tragedies ever to be written. The setting of the play is set in front of the Palace, Thebes, and Ancient Greece. Though most Greek playwrights were from Athens, their plays areRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesï » ¿ANTIGONE KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This tragedy is set against the background of the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Read MoreEssay on The Arrogance and Hubris of Oedipus and Creon724 Words   |  3 Pages In ‘Antigone†, Ismene says, â€Å"To them that walk in power; to exceed is madness, and not wisdom†. Her statement makes it clear, those who â€Å"walk in power†, allow it to corrupt them. Throughout the history of humanity there has been a correlation between those who have excessive power and corruption. Webster’s Dictionary defines corruption as, â€Å"impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle†. In the story of Antigone the tragic hero Creon, shows all of the common characteristics of corruptionRead MoreOedipus Trilogy Analysis1214 Words   |  5 PagesNovel Analysis of The Oedipus Trilogy Oedipus Rex, or Oedipus Tyrannus as it is in Latin, could be what we call today a Freudian work of literature. The Oedipus Trilogy was originally written by Sophocles and is meant to be told in a story-telling fashion. But this Grecian tragedy was revised and translated into English by Paul Roche and put into a novel form. The Oedipus Trilogy is a novel that deals with destiny and fate. The reader is shown a series of events plotted out from which OedipusRead MoreAntigone, The Daughter Of Oedipus And Clytemnestra839 Words   |  4 PagesGreacan tragedy, Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus and Clytemnestra seeks to bury her brother Polyneices much against the wishes and orders of her uncle and the king, Creon. Her parents and her brothers are both dead and she wishes to leave behind her beautiful sister Ismene and join her family in the underworld. Polyneices, her brother died fighting for the throne against his brother Eteocles. Polyneices fought against Eteocles for the throne and died fighting. He was from Thebes and in the midstRead MoreGender Roles In Antigone1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone, gender roles are a major conflicting theme throughout the entire play. The setting of the play was written during the Greek mythological days, around 442 B.C. During these days, men wer e dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon each show differencesRead MoreAntigone : A Portrait Of Ancient Greece2905 Words   |  12 PagesKelly Devlin Dr. Anna Peak IH 0951-002 10 December 2014 Antigone, a Portrait of Ancient Greece Famous for its production of tragedies, Ancient Greece often employed the use of drama and conflict to illustrate tales relevant to the society at the time. The playwright Sophocles is a prime example of this. In his tragedy Antigone, Sophocles tackles issues such as the role of the gods, the proper behavior of women, and the power of a leader. These motifs not only add value to the narrative, but offerRead MoreAntigone‚Äà ´s Law: a Critique of Patriarchal Power Structures1121 Words   |  5 PagesStructures    The heroine Antigone sacrifices her life to defy the patriarchal society in which she is imprisoned. By confronting and resisting Creon’s authoritarian rule, Antigone empowers the oppressed people of Thebes. On the surface, her motives seem clear; she defies civil law in favor of a higher moral law. Antigone declares she acts out of a sense of honor and obedience to the gods, however her words and actions reveal additional motives. Antigone follows her own unique law, which

Denise Richardson

Question: Discuss about Managerial Decision Making ? Answer: Introduction This paper will analyze the case study of Poor Frank Herdsman who is faced by a problem on the inflating customer rates and cost of operation in the Special Operations Division. Through the application of problem solving and solution generation tools, the paper will analyze the process in which Frank came up with a solution to the problem. Problem background In the case study, the main problem is the increase in rates on customers services, which include registering people for seminars, booking hotels and conference centers as training sites, hiring and training seminar leaders, fulfilling orders for materials, preparing invoices, and handling customer inquiries and complaints. The rates are expected to increase by 20% next year. The increase in the rates will enable Franks Company to cater for the cost of the new space they have just moved into. This service cost increase has disappointed the program managers as well as his customers. The cause of the problem is due to the relocation of Franks division from "drab-but-dirt-cheap" quarters where it has been operating for five years, to a new expensive facility. The other cause of the problem is the loss of customers who account for about 20% of the divisions hours for last year (Frishammar, 2013). The loss of customers has contributed to the reduction of workload hence reduction of revenu e. Problem definition Frank Henderson, the director of a division in a $300million company, is facing a problem of cost crunch, which has arisen because of relocation to the new facility costing twice as much as the old facility and reduced working hours in the special division, due to the loss of customers amounting 20% of the total working hours last year. The increased cost of the operations is becoming difficult to spread over the remaining divisions work hours. The other problem is the increased cost of space. The company has just relocated the division to a more expensive facility which charges double the amount the division has been used to be paying for the last five years. The reduced working hours, which are meant to cater for the cost of the space the division occupies, is the reason why Frank is facing the problem (Frishammar, 2013). Problem analysis To better analyze the increased cost problem Frank is facing, and identify the root cause, a set of tools will be employed. SWOT analysis is one of the tools used to identify strength, weakness, opportunities and threats associated with the organization in the context of Franks division problem (Dawes, 2011). SWOT Analysis Strength Ability to adopt the new vertical filing system to increase the amount of space Availability of an appealing working space that highlights the quality of services good new location of the business Availability of special problem-solving expertise The company has a strong brand and reputation Opportunities New client base creation Relocation to a new market Weakness High cost of renting the space in the new facility Increased workload once some employees are fired The cost of operation might lead to consolidation of operation. Reduced work hours due to decrease in workload Threats An expected reduction of clients in the coming year at a rate of 20% The competitors might acquire the clients leaving the organization. The increased cost of operation might render the organization non-competitive. The next tool to be applied is the pest analysis PEST Analysis Political There is political stability since no instability has been cited in the case study. Economic Assumption the economy is stable since no issue has been raised Social The division's existence and operations do not conflict with the social standard Technological The case study has not cited any factors relating to technology. The 5Ws and Cause analysis The 5Ws will address what the problem is, where is the problem, who is being affected by the problem, why is there a problem and when did the problem start. With the help of this tool, the following results are generated What is the problem? Defines the problem itself The problem is the increased rates due to the relocation to a more expensive facility. Where is the problem? Refers to the physical structure location of the problem The problem is at Franks Henderson Special Operation Division. Who is affected by the problem? Who are the stakeholders affected by the problem? The Special Operations Division staff and the entire organization are affected by the problem. Why is there a problem? This will address why the problem is taking place. The problem is arising due to the relocation to an expensive facility, as well as the decrease in the number of clients. When did the problem start? This question is designed to address the timing. The problem started soon after the division was relocated to the facility Results From the 5Ws analysis, we find the problem is increased customer rates, an operation cost within the Special Operations Division of about $225,000, and is affecting the staff of the division since the working hours have reduced due to reduced number of customers hence reduced revenues (Kesswaska, 2009). The problem is arising due to the inability to match the increased facility expense of the new facility. The divisions activities are supposed to cover the cost of the facility of which now they have not managed due to reduced working hours. Solution generation This is the stage where various options are put on the table on and how the problem can be solved for impact minimization. This stage has several strategies useful for identifying the solution. Such strategies include brainstorming, brain writing, six thinking hats, fishbone diagram and mind mapping. Brainstorming Brainstorming is the occasion where ideas on how to solve the problem are generated regardless if they are correct or not. The best and most effective idea is taken from the brainstorm session. The idea is evaluated based on implementation possibilities. From the problem cited in the case study, some of the brainstorm ideas would include: relocating back to the old drab-but-dirt-cheap quarters and saving the additional costs; reassigning work from another division to increase the working hours; reducing the number of staff in a vertical filling system to increase the floor space (Peterson, 2010). After brainstorming Frank realized, the idea of vertical filing system would help consolidate the space as well as provide the space needed to relocate the other team in the next room occupying 5000sqm2. This would go a long way in slashing the cost down to $ 20,000 (Akaha, 2013). Brain writing This is a strategy where Frank will do the brainstorming process but with the help of the staff in the division. The strategy involves a process of writing down ways in which one thinks the problem can be tackled. The written down ideas are then read aloud to the team to scrutinize their viability. Once an idea is settled upon the problem, then the evaluation process takes place to ensure the chosen idea will work and is the best garnered. In the case study, Franks idea of space consolidation needs to be taken to the top-level management for further evaluation (Chater, 2009). The Fishbone Diagram The Fishbone diagram shows the contributors aiding the ultimate benefit of the new strategy implementation. The diagram can also be used to determine the factors causing a problem. According to the diagram, the vertical filing will increase space, consolidate the working space, and reduce the rates charged on the space thereby reducing the overall operational cost of the division and the organization (McKnight, Knipper, 2013). The Six Thinking Hats The Six Thinking Hats strategy capitalizes on the fact that the human brain thinks in many distinctive ways. The thinking hats are assigned different colors, each color representing the motivation behind the thinking (Pilipczuk, 2011). Managing blue - represent what the subject is and the focus on the bigger picture. Information white - consideration of the information available as well as the facts Emotion Red - relies on intuition or statement of emotional feeling and gut reaction. Discernment black - the logic put in place to find out the reason to be conservative and cautious. Optimistic response yellow - the logic used to point out benefits, seek harmony and turn to the brighter side. Creative green - the statement made to provoke investigation and think creatively. Based on these hats and associated colors, one can make a decision by eliminating those hats not applicable to the situation requiring the decision. The red hat, which symbolizes emotion, is not applicable in the case study where Frank requires generating a solution (Shapira, 2009). The reason for not supporting this hat is due to inconclusive judgment, as it will be rooted on personal feelings, which may end up oppressing some of the employees thus leading to an appraisal. However, the other five hats are beneficial in the solution generation process. It is also good to note the hats are used as a metaphor and there are no actual hats worn while making the decisions. The hats are simply suggesting the state of mind to be adopted for proper generation of solutions (Fortun, Bernstein, 2009). Mind Mapping This strategy uses graphics to represent ideas depending on how they appear within ones mind. This helps in analyzing and synthesizing of the ideas and supports memorization. The strategy engages the mind fully as it is an analytical and artistic way of putting down ideas. In all the strategies adopted in generating solutions mind mapping is the best and the easiest to employ in decision making (Venkatraman and Huetel, 2012). Mind mapping encompasses brainstorming and other strategies. Some of the benefits of using this kind of solution generation strategy include, studying and memorizing, problem solving, brainstorming, note taking, planning, research and consolidation of information, gaining insight of complex subjects. In the case study involving generation of the solution by Frank regarding the increase rates, it is significant to note that if he had adopted the brain mapping strategy, the solution would have been found much sooner. Moreover, through the same strategy, may be another solution would further increase the space and cut down the cost on paper is the digitization of records. Advancing the technology in the special operation division will ensure the papers used to keep the records are eliminated as well as increase the accessibility and sustainability of those records. This move will further cut down the cost as well as improve the security of the records (Gootnick, Gootnick, 2011). Solution evaluation Frank Herdsman has arrived at several solutions he thinks could help solve the problem the organization is facing. The solutions generated by Frank include vertical filing systems, reassignment of more duties to increase the working hours so as to increase revenue, revert to the old quarters as well as fire a section of employees. However, these solutions might be difficult to implement due to some of the unforeseen consequences that come along with the solution. Therefore, the solution needs to be evaluated to ensure its practicality (Kahneman, Slovic, Tversky, 2012). The tools used for evaluating the solutions include: Categorization Tool: This the process of placing the solution into groups. The process involves identifying the solutions, which exhibit similar characteristics. The Elimination Tool: After categorizing the solution, the next step is to identify which solution best suits the problem or can solve the problem. The remaining solutions which do not meet the threshold are eliminated from the list. For the case study, Frank views the solution of firing some of the employees will increase the workload. Thus, the solution to fire is eliminated. (Kneeland, 2009). Ranking Tool: The ranking is done by giving priority to best suited solutions. The ranking process assigns numerical values to the solution and lists them from best to the worst. From the case, Frank considers the rearrangement of the filing system to be the best solution and thus it is given the highest priority (Wanberg, Milkman Timkan, 2015). Affinity Diagram: An affinity diagram is a tool enabling one to move beyond the habitual thinking and expound other factors to generate the solution. For the case study, the affinity diagram cannot be adopted, as the number of solutions the division is dealing with is less (McKnight, Knipper, 2013). Screening Matrix Tool: The Screening Matrix tool provides an objective method of comparing the solutions. The tool simplifies the process of selecting the preferred solution. This tool encompasses the categorizing tool and the ranking tool at the same time. A typical screening matrix tool appears as follows: Solution Category Priority Solution A Y 1 Solution B V 3 Solution C F 2 Solution D D 4 In the list of solutions that frank is considers to implement, the screening matrix ranks them from the most appropriate to the least appropriate (Mikulincer, Shaver, 2015). Pareto Analysis: Pareto analysis is a tool has not been used in the study, though it is worth mentioning as one of the management tool, which employs statistical methods to arrive at a decision. The tool is mostly used in a situation with a limited number of choices to produce a significant overall effect. The Pareto analysis is simply represented using a graph (Mikulincer, Shaver, 2015). Conclusion The evaluation of the case study has revealed that problem solving is a sequence of steps. These steps are crucial in arriving to a solution to a problem as they help to ensure the solution provided is airtight and all the loopholes have been considered. The steps to be taken to solve the cost crunch problem faced by Frank include communicating with the affected stakeholders about the new changes about to be effected. From there he should begin the implementation of the decision whereby the team working in the adjacent room to the bigger room, thereby consolidating the space and reducing the cost of space. From the findings highlighted in the research report this move will reduce the divisions cost by $225,000 and the cost of implementing this plan is $20,000 needed for implementing the vertical filing system. This therefore leads to the conclusion this move is suitable for the organization within there long and short strategic plans. The strategic plan will require rallying the mana gement to invest $ 20,000 require to support the vertical filling system. The next step is to inform the staff of the new changes that are expected to take place. Next is to inform the facility management of the new changes so that they can readjust the charges and finally start the consolidation of space References Akaha, T. (2013).Muddling through successfully(1st ed.). Chater, N. (2009).Judgement and decision making(1st ed.). London: SAGE. Dawes, R. M. (2011). The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making.American Psychologist,34(7), 571-582. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.34.7.571 Fortun, M., Bernstein, H. (2009).Muddling through(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint. Frishammar, J. (2013). Information use in strategic decision making.Management Decision,41(4), 318-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740310468090 Gootnick, M., Gootnick, D. (2011).Action tools for effective managers(1st ed.). New York: AMACOM. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., Tversky, A. (2012).Judgment under uncertainty(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kossowska, M. (2009). Motivation towards closure and cognitive processes: An individual differences approach.Personality and Individual Differences,43(8), 2149-2158. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.027 Kneeland, S. (2009).Solving problems(1st ed.). Oxford: Essentials. McKnight, A., Knipper, A. (2013).Problem identification course(1st ed.). Washington: Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Administration. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. (2015).Personality processes and individual differences(1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Peterson, N. (2010). Choices, Options, and Constraints: Decision Making and Decision Spaces in Natural Resource Management.Human Organization,69(1), 54-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.69.1.82153826v2484743 Pilipczuk, O. (2011). Rational and Intuitive Decision Making Style.Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization,1986-2009. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5202-6.ch179 Shapira, Z. (2009).Organizational decision making(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Venkatraman, V., Huettel, S. (2012). Strategic control in decision-making under uncertainty.European Journal Of Neuroscience,35(7), 1075-1082. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08009.x Wanberg, K., Milkman, H., Timken, D. (2015).Driving with care(1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Julius Caesar Theme Essays (1733 words) - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar Theme Act I This first Act contains only three scenes, but each are important for many reasons. It begins with two tribunes, Flavius and Murellus, who scold commoners who parade down the street to celebrate Caesar's victory over Pompey. The two tribunes shame the commoners for celebrating the death of one of Rome's former leaders, and they depart solemnly. On February 15th the festival of Lupecalia is celebrated, and Caesar arrives in the city along with Antony and Brutus. A soothesayer approaches Caesar and tells him to, "Beware the ides of March". Brutus and Cassius remain and converse with one and other. Cassius complains that Caesar has become so powerful that even though he once saved Caesar's life, he must now bow before him. Meanwhile Caesar remarks to Antony that Cassius thinks too much, and that such men are dangerous. Later on, Antony offers Caesar the crown three times, and three times Caesar turns it down. The people worshiped Caesar even more for turning away from the crown. There are many details in Act I that to what will happen in the near future. Act II In this Act, with the help of Brutus, the conspirators come together to seriously form a plan to kill Caesar. It begins with Brutus in his garden who has made up his mind that Caesar must be killed because Caesar is abusing his power and is ascending too far too quickly. The conspirators come to Brutus's house to discuss their plan. After they leave, Brutus's wife Portia begs him to tell her why he's been so upset recently by stabbing herself in the leg. Caesar's wife Calpurnia had a dream where Caesar is murdered, and she convinces him not to go to the Senate that morning. However, Decius arrives at that moment and claims that Caesar would be mocked if he didn't show up. Decius also sarcastically asks if the Senate should be dissolved until Calpurnia has a more favorable dream. Caesar decides to go the Senate and is escorted by the rest of the conspirators along with Antony. Artemidorus has written a letter to Caesar containing the names of all the conspirators, and he plans to give it to Caesar who is on his way to the Senate. The beginning stages of Caesar's assassination have already taken place so the final act is inevitable. Act III This Act can be considered the climax of the play. Caesar is outside of the Senate house with Antony and all of the conspirators when he sees the soothesayer, and tells him that the ides of March have come. The soothesayer responds, "Ay Caesar, but not gone". Next, Artemidorus attempts to give Caesar the letter, but is thwarted by Decius. Then, Trebonious lured Antony away so that he may not interfere with the assassination. Caesar decides not to grant Metellus Cimber's brother release from banishment which creates an uproar of disapproval from many of the conspirators. Finally Casca kneels down and says, "Speak hands for me". They all stab Caesar many times who falls saying, "Et tu, Brute!" Brutus then gives a short speech of finally receiving peace and freedom. Antony's servant then arrives, and tells Brutus that Antony wishes to meet with and learn why it was necessary to kill Caesar. Antony arrives and laments the death of Caesar. Brutus tells him that Caesar was destroying the republic and had to be removed from power. Antony pretends to be convinced, and shakes the hand of each of the conspirators naming them as he shakes their hand. Antony asks for permission to take the body to the marketplace, and show it to the crowd. Brutus decides to give his speech first at the funeral, and allow Antony to speak afterwards, as long as he speaks positively about the conspirators which Antony agrees to. Brutus and Cassius tell the plebeians to follow them to hear why Caesar was murdered. Brutus gives a powerful speech to public and finally asks them if they want him to commit suicide to which they reply, "Live Brutus, live!" Antony gives his speech next. He presents images where Caesar has not been ambitious, and the crowd begins to think that Caesar was wrongly murdered. Antony then reads Caesar's will in which Caesar gives every citizen seventy-five drachmas. This throws the crowd into anger against all who killed Caesar. Next, Octavius's servant arrives and tells Antony that Octavius is waiting for him at Caesar's house. Cinna the poets was wandering through the town, and was attacked by a mob who

Toxicity essays

Toxicity essays Our environment has been bombarded with toxins since the Industrial Revolution. Everything from cigarette smoke to the plastic factory down the road contaminates the air, water, and land causing harm to all living organisms. Monitoring and controlling toxins is the first step to removing them. After more than a century of irresponsible pollution its time that the public takes a look at the truth concerning toxins and the environment. Toxins cause harm to every living organism on the Earth. Toxins can come from things typically considered harmful to the environment such as pesticides to things that one would never consider, like nail polish remover or the insulation used in an attic. The truth is we live in a world full of toxins. A simple concept of toxicology today is that everything is toxic in certain amounts. Therefore, anything in a certain excess can harm you; the trick is to know what that level is. The solubility and mobility of a toxin determine how rapidly and effectively it moves through the environment. The solubility of toxins is typically divided into two groups, those that dissolve readily in water and those that dissolve easier in oil. Water soluble toxins move through the environment and into the body because water is so prevalent. Oil soluble toxins can also be of harm because of the damage that can be done to cell walls and muscle tissue. They also tend to stay in the body longer by being sto red in lipids in the body. The effects of toxins upon humans and animals are astounding. Two environmental issues affecting organisms is bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Bioaccumulation occurs when cells store toxins that are originally dilute but become more concentrated when accumulated. The result is a higher level of toxins within an organism. The problem with bioaccumulation is apparent when carnivores enter the picture. For example, if a fish eats a large amount of plankton but each plankton only has a sm...

A Step-by-Step Guide to Filing Your First Taxes

A Step-by-Step Guide to Filing Your First Taxes Tax time can be super overwhelming. How can you possibly figure out what you need to do and somehow manage to pull it off without melting into a pile of despair (or committing some kind of inadvertent fraud?). It’s actually fairly simple. Here, we’ll lay out the basic steps so you can file without fear you’re missing something important. 1. Get organized.This is really half the battle. The IRS is all about documents. Once you receive your W2 from your workplace, or your 1099-MISC if you’ve worked as an independent contractor, be sure to store it somewhere safe and easily accessible. If you get other statements, like savings account interest, student loan interest, or investment income summaries, put those in the same safe place. You might also have a proof of health insurance or records of contributions to an IRA to add to your pile.2. Determine if you need to file, and and how.If you’re a U.S. citizen and you meet the IRS’s filing requiremen ts for income, then yes, you do need to file. Then you’ll want to figure out what your â€Å"filing status† is. Will you be filing jointly with your spouse or separately? Can you count as â€Å"head of household?† Are you a dependent on someone else’s return? Can you claim dependents of your own?3. Ask for help early.If you’re at all confused with these early stages, get someone to help- a parent, or a mentor, or a professional. They can help you figure out based on your particulars which form you need to file or whether you are eligible to file electronically.4. Pick a medium.Decide whether you will carry through on your own- either on paper or electronically, alone or with the aid of a software program or professional. If you made less than $52k last year, you qualify to receive free tax help with the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) Program. Check out TaxACT, TurboTax, eSmart Tax, etc. to get a sense of what they can do for you.5. Deduct e xpenses.You’ll have to figure out whether it’s best for you to itemize your deductions or claim the standard deductible. But either way, make sure you don’t leave any stone unturned in this department. Write off state and local sales taxes, student loan interest payments, child care credits, job search expenses, charitable contributions, and things like the Earned Income credit.6. Get it done.Don’t procrastinate. It’s best not to rush, so make sure you’ve left yourself plenty of time before April 15  to get this done right.7. Check your math.If you did it all on your own, make sure to have someone you trust to look over your tax returns before filing. It may even be possible to have a tax attorney do this for you for free.Good luck, and we hope for many happy returns in your future!

Everyday Use Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Everyday Use - Research Paper Example The author influenced by various happenings in his/her lifetime as well as before his/her lifetime would come with works, completely basing on those events or just using it part of the work, fictionalizing the other parts. There have been many American writers who have created works on this basis with Alice Walker being one of the prominent ones. She came up with her short story, â€Å"Everyday Use† after being influenced by various events related to racism during her lifetime. Alice Walker was heavily influenced by the Black Power Movement and she brings out those influences in her work. â€Å"Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use† contains several important parallels to the author’s own life. Born in 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, Walker grew up in an environment much like that described in the story† (Wilson). When doing so, various authors will incorporate various historical and cultural elements as part of the plot, and Walker did that in her wor k. So, this paper focusing on various historical themes and cultural symbols in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† will compare it with other works including Walker’s Color Purple, Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Dead Men’s Path† and Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. 2. Themes and symbols in â€Å"Everyday Use† In â€Å"Everyday Use†, Mrs. Johnson or ‘Mama’ is the name of the mother while Dee and Maggie are the two daughters. 'Mama' introduces herself as "a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands". So, the Mama could be constructed as women with good physical strength. 'Mama' always exhibited a lot of care and responsibility to both her daughters and tried her best to give both of them a better life. As both the daughters were different in every aspect, all theirs friction were handled with care by her. Dee and Maggie are extremely contrasting both physically and mentally. The elder s ister, Dee is portrayed as a beautiful and successful, however at the same time an arrogant woman, who does not have any pride for her culture and heritage. On the other hand, Maggie is shown as a disfigured and lethargic, however at the same time a simple girl, who has a lot of pride in her heritage. "Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind to him? That is the way my Maggie walks" (Walker 25). Although both the girls had a different personality and different affiliation towards their culture, their relationship was a smooth affair, until the cultural symbol of quilts entered the picture. The mother, Mrs. Johnson and Maggie lead their lives following their culture to their heart, and without compromising on any of their cultural traditions. It is only the elder daughter, Dee in the family who has changed her lifestyle and distanced herself from her culture. The in fluence of modern living and deterioration of culture is evident when Dee arrives home with her boyfriend, Hakim-a-barber. Dee, who is going to a college outside her state in the North, surprises her mother and sister with her changed behavior. She, because of the influence of Black Power movement, changes her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo in an attempt to detach from her culture. Mrs. Johnson and Maggie felt very uncomfortable with the name change, attitude and actions of Dee. "When Dee and her friend use strange words to greet the mother and Maggie and when they announce their names†¦this is not the culture of the mother- nor perhaps of

A Culture of Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Culture of Safety - Essay Example However, as management models have continued to evolve, people have recognized that an error can only be prevented if it is known. This is the basis of the just culture in nursing, which acts as a bridge between the traditional approach and a situation in which no one bears the responsibility of errors. The just culture enables an organization as well as its employees to learn from mistakes and create a system that minimizes chances of error. This paper explores the just culture in a nursing setting and its impact on the safety of the patients. The Role of the Nurse in identifying Potential and Real Threats Patient safety is the core mission of every healthcare institution. Nurses have a role in ensuring that the patients in a hospital setting are catered to adequately to ensure their safety. They are obligated to identify, whenever possible, the risks that patients face while in the health institution. One way of identifying threats against the health of a patient would be to open t he communication channels in the hospital. This would enable a nurse to report to the administration about a threat to the safety of the patients. Previously, the punitive system in such a setting inhibited such reporting and nurses only identified threats which they would not be able to hide. The just culture enables a nurse to identify a risk which may have occurred due to an error and report the threat in the appropriate manner. This increases patient safety as adequate measures can be taken to remedy the situation. This role of the nurse is, therefore, in line with the just culture as proposed by Reason (American Nurses Association, 2010). Steps in Minimizing or Eliminating Threats Rules and Regulations Following instructions that are set by the organization should be a priority for all nurses. Managers, according to Lazarus (2011), must put systems in place that will enable the nurses to carry out their roles in the institution effectively. These systems are part of the rules t hat are set by the nursing leadership to provide maximum efficacy at the work place. Nurses should therefore adhere to these set rules and regulations, in order to minimize the chances of errors happening at the work place. Most of the systems in place are tested and tried, meaning they have been found to reduce the number of errors that people can make at the work place. Although human errors do occur, a continuous improvement of the system, as proposed in the just culture will lead to the system achieving maximum efficiency. Acting with regard to these rules will minimize or even eliminate the chances of error. Nurses should only act contrary to these rules when there is evidence that acting according to them presents a threat to the patient (Lazarus, 2011). Attending Seminars Seminars and other meetings organized by the institution to sensitize employees in patient safety are a valuable resource to nurses. Policies that are proposed and passed during these meeting have an effect on the performance of the nurses, and it is therefore important that nurses attend these meetings. This way, they will be conversant with the rules and regulations, as well as contribute to the development of these policies such that the rules will also be in favor of the nurses. Patient safety can be maximized through such meetings since the stakeholders agree on the most effective means of achieving that goal. Nurses mostly deal with patients directly and are obligated to ensure the safety of the patient. By attending these seminars, they increase their knowledge and learn how to incorporate the new policies with their expertise. This is an important aspect for the safety of the patient and nurses should take this measure to minimize threats to

Banana Heart Summer Essay Example for Free

Banana Heart Summer Essay IV. Choose your favorite lines/quotations. Explain and justify. * Floating faith made us brave, made us endure consequences. I love this line because it is true that faith made us brave. I have my own faith that truly makes me strong and continue my life even lots of consequences come. I know that having faith gives grace in your heart and soul that keeps you to fight. * The journey of life is not any easy. Yeah, so true, that life is not any easy because we do not know what will come tomorrow or later. There are lots of things that may happen. Good or bad we can never say. But if we have faith, life will be at ease and enjoyable enough. Your faith will guide you and gives you inspiration to continue your life no matter what problems come. * Pride is a sin, dignity is salvation. I am my mother’s daughter. This one is kind of reflective one. It makes me to realize something. I believe that this justifiable self-respect is a sin especially if you are hurting somebody in a simple or hard way. And this dignity or the honor that you keep will save you from your sin like pride. The last line saying, I am my mother’s daughter gives me joy that Nenita shows great love because she’s proud that she is a daughter of her mother no matter what people say and even if her mother expresses disappointment towards Nenita. * â€Å"I’m afraid I could never find the balance between love and anger.† These two strong emotions are sometimes hard to control. I like this line because I can relate my own experience. Like being in love somehow gives happiness that can drive you crazy, do everything, sacrifices and all like. While being angry which I am scared of is really uncontrollable sometimes. It’s so confusing that you do not what will happen next if love and anger collides. * It was just rain, just water. Without sweets or spices or condiments, without our expert or fumbling interventions to make it taste better, without our need to disguise its nature, but how we reveled in each drop. It explains the significance of water in our lives. I love these lines because it expresses simplicity likewise in having simple life. Being satisfied even if you only have enough. * Sadly love is not just water; we do things to it. I laughed in this line because as to compare love in water, it is really different. Unlike in having water in your hand is so easy to possess and have it forever in just for example buying it while in love you need to give attention and effort until the end just to save and nourish it. * We understand that the devil and the angel were equal partners in the balance of the universe. I believe that there is devil and angel in this world. That is why there is good and bad, happy and sad, light and dark, love and hate. Sometimes we find our lives more meaningful if we realize that we do mistake and change it and be better next time. * First love is too confusing. As a saying, True love never die because this was the first time you fall in love to someone who you think is the best person ever that you want to be with forever and the last. It is true that first love is too confusing because it surely drives you crazy. Unstoppable care and worries at the same time. * They say there is love at first sight between a mother and her firstborn. A great blessing it is to have a baby. The most awaited gift from God that a couple want and need to. Yes, I believe that there is love at first sight between the mother and her first baby simply because they are alike. Having this powerful feeling that you can only find, Love. V. Think of the most appropriate sound track for Banana Heart Summer, state reason by giving ten lines or more from the song.

George Washington And Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were two important men who affected our nations independence and the beginning years of our country. They helped form this nation into a free and sovereign country. Yet, they were different in many aspects they shared a few common features. Both Washington and Jefferson grew up in the southern state of Virginia and like most owned land to grow and harvest crops. In growing up they came from two different class levels of living. The Jefferson family was more famous and richer than Washington’s giving him a greater advantage and opportunity to succeed, especially in higher education. After Jefferson finished regular schooling he was able to attend the College of William and Mary were he studied law. He did so under the teaching of George Wthe who was considered perhaps the greatest teachers of law in Virginia at the time. Washington however was taught by his mom mainly in mathematics and received no higher education. Was hington was still knowledgeable and began to put it to use in the army to become as a young British soldier. He interred the army at the young age of nineteen were he began to learn leadership and military strategy which would prove useful in the Revolutionary War to come. Jefferson on the other hand was involved in the laws, courts, and small politics. At the young age of twenty-five Jefferson was elected to the House of Burgesses in Virginia were he served for five years. Washington was known for his great motivational speeches that would rally troops together to prepare for war and lead on to victory. Jefferson was more of a writer not a speaker and by using his skill he wrote and brought forth fresh ideas of independence and freedom.

Pc&D Inc Essay

When in February 1976 Martell received the letter from McElroy, he was not surprised a lot. All the problems that had occurred over time, and punctually postponed, now appeared. When Martell was elected as the new president of PC&D, he brought his â€Å"entrepreneurial spirit† that quickly spread across the organization. This had a positive effect on the company, especially in terms of profitable growth. In fact it led to the creation of 11 entrepreuneral subsidiary, of these 4 had successfully been merged into the company. This allowed to Electric Division, to double its sales, during 1971-75 period going from 193. 6 million to 561. 4 million(of these 179. 2 arising from the new subsidiary),and also the sales of the Machinery Division have been overcome, 440. 6 million in 1975 (Exhibit7) . However, this result had not come without cost. First about 60 million by the end of 1975, of these a small part was achieved through the retained earnings, but much was new money raised in the form of long-term debt. Further, stock issued to capitalize subsidiaries and to pay bonuses to entrepreneurs had a diluting effect on of PC & D’s shares, due to exchange one-to-one. The situation could worsen if other companies were merged into the company, because the number of shares issued would be significant if you think that the avg. Stock price in 1975 is $ 238. During last years, the company has recorded an impressive growth, as well as in sales than in size. Byside some problems that can affect the future growing of the company arise. The company, as a result of various mergers, has lost flexibility. Martell’s focus on finding â€Å"wild ducks† turned against him. People requested by the president has by nature, an advantage and cons. In fact they can be great challenges’ s lovers and be entrepreneurs of small growing companies, but they are not suitable for large divisions and hardly want to share their ideas. In addition, this caused additional costs. Each Subsidiary has its own functions, it has led to a situation where there is no cooperation and sense of belonging to the company. The company’s growth is not a shared objective, but it is focused only on certain activities. It would be appropriate to create synergies among subsidiaries centralizing functional areas such as mktg and manifactuing, in order to cut costs and increase the focus on more profitable subsidiary already merged in the Electric Division. The turnover in this way it would be alleviate. It is also necessary to act on employee’s morale. Thus, following unified strategy, which aim is to increase the efficiency on two divisions and to lay strong foundations for the future growth, also the pay system should be reviewed. The Machionery Division had a compensation schemes based on 90% salary and 10% bonus on ROI while the other division was based received 2/3 of the salary as a bonus based on growth in revenues. A new compensation schemes which its aim is to increase the worker’s responsibility,( in part based on a fixed percentage given by salary plus bonus both general, as an increase in ROI, or specific, such an increase in sales or in the subsidiary’s ROI), could help the future growth of the company. By creating a common goal, it will be possible to create a collaboration atmosphere among the labor force. Furthermore thanks to a fairly incentive, based on achieving â€Å"easily† goals, as bonus in sales, it will be possible to increase employee’s morale. In particular, with regard to R&D’ function, it could be merged into one common area for the two divisions. Whit the union of this area, and leveraging on new incentives to â€Å"lock† talents, the company would distribute the degree of innovation and research within the two divisions. Into this new area could be set up several working team, headed by the most talented, in which they will be assigned different goals such as how to evaluate growth opportunities, or, look for new innovations for the two divisions and so on, but also a task on the control of production, in order to ensure the highest quality. In fact, the Machinery division see more and more seller move elsewhere due to the product’s perceived low quality. With the introduction of a new common functional area, it will be possible to give a positive impact on the overall costs and also, thanks to small working team, to preserve the â€Å"wild duck† spirit. In the recent years, Martell has given a greater focus on growth and the importance of innovating. But, it has created a contradiction on the implementation of the strategy. Concentrating all on the research and development of new ideas, the core business was left out. These, risk being out of the market, due to the high percentage of defective products, that be gradually abandoned by their sellers. Martell will have to follow a single strategy for both divisions, implementing new functional areas and creating an unique remuneration and incentive plan, based on goals that can be achieved by team, made up of the talents that the company has attracted to itself during the time, it will be possible to create cooperation aimed to support the company’s growth, as whole. But before, it will be necessary invest in the Machinery Division as required by its VP, 100-125 mil in 2-3 years. In this way, the original division will be able to confirm its dominant market position in the long term. It is important to remember that great part of company’s revenues were recorded just from this division. Martell should also review the Grennan’s position. Since he was put in head of the Electric Division, costs related to mktg, G&A and other engineering expenses are out of line. Products with estimated time of obsolescence of 4 years show a BEP of 6 years. In addiction new products show losses due to customer returns. Although Grennan has prepared a new plan of action, some decision should be taken regardless. The new opportunities offered by subsidiarie will be put into the background. Before it’s necessary to redefine the company so that it is stabilized on solid basis and it will be able in the future to support further growth plans, also incorporating other subsidiarie.

Minoan Palaces in Crete

The main palace sites in Minoan Crete include those in Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Gournia, and Zakros. The palace at Knossos is the largest, with an area of approximately twenty two thousand square metres. It is located in the valley of the Kairatos River and said to be where King Minos of Ancient Greek mythology lived. It is estimated that the palace of Knossos was palace of Phaistos is the second largest and located on a low hill in the Messara plain. Just outside the town of Malia, which is thirty seven kilometres east of Heraklion, is the third largest Minoan palace. There is also a palace in the town of Gournia which is located on a small hill near the Gulf of Mirabello. Finally, a Minoan palace is located in Zakros, on the east coast of Crete and south of Palaikastro. The palace of Knossos was the largest one of the Minoan empire. Although its actual functions are still not certain, it is thought that the palace was used for both ceremonial and administrative purposes. After it was first built, it is believed to have been destroyed by an earthquake in around 1700 B. C. E and then rebuilt in approximately 1450 B. C. E. Although it is difficult to be sure about the details of the palace, the evidence that does exist suggests that it was essential to the Minoan society. Floor Plan of Knossos Palace Sir Arthur Evans Sir Arthur Evans, a British archaeologist, was the first to excavate the palace site at Knossos. He was born in 1851 and graduated from both Oxford and Gottingen universities. His discoveries were published in â€Å"Palace of Minosâ₠¬  and he was knighted in 1911 for his archaeological work. Evans perished in 1941. The excavation of the palace at Knossos and its surrounding area began in 1900 and continued to some degree for over three decades. Evans used a large sum of his own money on the project. Evans employed many local labourers to join his team and within a few months, had discovered a large amount of what he called â€Å"the Palace of Minos†. His main assistants were Theodore Fyfe and Duncan Mackenzie. Based on his findings at the site, Evans concluded that there must have been a people that existed before those previously found to have lived on Crete. The palace that Evans was in the process of excavating seemed to him to resemble the labyrinth built by King Minos of Greek mythology, and so he named the people that once inhabited the palace and its surroundings ‘the Minoans’ – after King Minos. By 1903, a large amount of the palace had been excavated. During this process, Evans and his team had found many art works and tablets displaying examples of writing, which we now refer to as Linear A. These artefacts revealed a lot about Minoan society, and lead Evans to make many of the assumptions, or ‘educated guesses’, that he did about their civilisation. The methods of restoration of artefacts found in the palace at Knossos by Evans have been questioned since his work at the site. The pioneer excavator used concrete to reconstruct areas and objects of the site, and people were employed to recreate the work on the frescoes found in and around the palace. These restorations are said to have more to do with the imagination of Evans and his team rather than the accurate works of the Minoans. Evans replaced missing fragments of frescoes and other parts of the constructions of the palace with paint and other materials that are considered by many to be inaccurate. His methods have been widely criticised as it is considered detrimental to install materials that are foreign to genuine Minoan architecture, however, he is still recognised as an important figure who contributed a great deal to our knowledge about the Minoan society. The Palace of Knossos Today Today, although the original condition of the palace site at Knossos has been maintained relatively well, there are also modern influences on the area. Located around the site are a gift shop and parking lot as well as a bronze bust of Sir Arthur Evans. Obviously, the condition of the palace itself has decreased since Minoan times due to weathering and other damage, but displays of Minoan culture are still available at the site in various forms. Visitors to the site today are able to make their way around its many rooms via its many corridors and passageways. They are also about to admire the Minoan frescoes that are still displayed at the site. Rooms and Areas of the Palace The palace has several main areas, including the east and west wings and the central court. The palace was built with an estimated one thousand and three hundred rooms and is believed by many to be the actual labyrinth mentioned in the Greek myth, â€Å"the Legend of the Minotaur†. The palace is believed to serve multiple purposes with its many rooms. It was probably an area for storage, crafting, administration, archive keeping and ceremonies as well as sleeping quarters for any royal members of society as well as possible others. The palace has both a north and south entrance and includes several staircases. In the east wing were the domestic quarters, which included apartments where any royalty would probably have lived. It also has shrines and art works as well as reception halls and luxurious bathrooms, and underneath it are storerooms that once housed many treasures and elaborate tombs. Bright murals decorate the areas that are thought to have been inhabited by Minoan royalty. There was also a room in the east wing of the palace in which a seemingly majestic chair stood, thus named the ‘throne room’ by Sir Arthur Evans. In the west wing were the storerooms where the produce of the Minoan trade system was kept. The palace of Knossos was a central location for the Minoan people to store their goods. The central court of the palace was probably used for ceremonial purposes. Records of trade undertaken by Minoans from Knossos were also archived in the palace. The palace of Knossos was probably larger than Minoan palaces found in other areas because the town of Knossos was likely to be the capital of Crete at the time. This means that the palace probably needed the space for all the storage and administration that a capital of an empire must have. The size of the palace is also a symbol of the grand nature of the city of Knossos. Knossos is also thought to have been the most densely populated town, with approximately one hundred thousand people living there. This population is extremely large compared to other ancient towns. Frescoes of the Palace The palace of Knossos is home to a huge spectrum of Minoan art, and a significant amount of works have been found there. Archaeologists think that these frescoes depict Minoan people and the animals, plants and geographical features that they were familiar with, as well as scenes such as sporting events, religious festivals and ceremonies. People are shown going about activities such as fishing and gathering on the frescoes. These people are often youthful adults and rarely children or elders. Women in the frescoes were usually painted to have lighter skin, whereas male figures had skin of a ruddier colour. Military activity is generally not displayed on Minoan frescoes, which sets the Minoan artists apart from others who existed during their time and after it. Perhaps the most famous fresco found in the Knossos palace is the Toreador Fresco, which depicts Minoan people riding a bull like creature in what appears to be some kind of sporting event. These frescoes were not in their original condition by the time archaeologists were able to excavate them due to centuries of weathering and other damage. Despite this, archaeologists and historians have a good idea of what the frescoes are supposed to depict because they are able to use the incomplete images on the works to determine what they may have looked like originally and to restore the art to this state. The importance of the Palace of Knossos The palace of Knossos is important to historians because it provides them with a vast amount of information about Minoan society and what life was like for people living on Crete during the Bronze Age. Much of what is known about the Minoan people is due to the artefacts, architecture and other evidence found in the palace site of Knossos. Frescoes provide insight into the people of Crete during Minoan times and their appearance, clothes, habits, rituals and abilities. Tablets found in the palace inform historians that Minoan people were literate and had a writing system, although its symbols cannot be deciphered today. The general layout and architecture of the palace provides knowledge regarding the Minoans’ ability to build structures, and what methods, techniques and materials they used to do so. The palace also provides evidence supporting the idea that there was Minoan royalty, although this theory is not confirmed. Overall, the palace at Knossos is of great importance to historians because without it, their knowledge of Minoan society would be significantly more limited than it is now.

Roger McCoin essays

Roger McCoin essays My name is Erin and today I would like to share with you some information that I have obtained in an interview with Roger McCoin. First, let me begin by previewing what I am going to say. I will start by giving you some background information on my interviewee, Roger. Then, I will tell you about Rogers self-concept areas. Which are the Physical, psychological, and social concept areas. Next, I will tell you about Rogers knowledge areas. I will tell you the areas in which Roger is the least knowledgeable in and the most knowlegeable in. Then, I will tell you about Rogers ego-involvement areas. Ego involvement areas can range from: Positive High, Positive Low, Negative High and Negative Low And finally, I will evaluate myself as an interviewer. Let me begin with some background information. Roger was born on June 5, 1976 in Seminole, OK. He attended Seminole High School and graduated in 1994. While in high school Roger played football and golf. He still continues to play golf except he doesnt get to play for free anymore. Another piece of information about Roger is that he enjoys being outdoors. He likes to fish, but when he does catch a fish he hates to clean them. Something about Roger that most people dont know is that he played in an Alternative Rock Band!!! Roger is now 28 and married. He works at Al t like giving speeches. If he was asked which cartoon Roger would best portray he said it would be Hank Hill because of the fact that they both like beer and building things out of wood. When asked what his future plans are he told me he would like to be a 5th, 6th, or 7th grade Science teacher. ...

This Side of Paradise F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes

'This Side of Paradise' F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes With This Side of Paradise (his debut novel), F. Scott Fitzgerald took the literary world by storm (the first printing sold out in a matter of days). And, with the success of this work, he was able to win back Zelda (with whom he would have such a tumultuous relationship for so many years to come). The book was first published in 1920. Here are a few quotes. This Side of Paradise Quotes From Book 1 She had once been a Catholic, but discovering that priests were infinitely more attentive when she was in process of losing or regaining faith in Mother Church, she maintained an enchantingly wavering attitude. Book 1, Ch 1 They slipped briskly into an intimacy from which they never recovered. Book 1, Ch 1 He wanted to kiss her, kiss her a lot, because then he knew he could leave in the morning and not care. On the contrary, if he didnt kiss her, it would worry him.... It would interfere vaguely with his idea of himself as a conqueror. It wasnt dignified to come off second best, pleading, with a doughty warrior like Isabelle. Book 1, Ch. 3 Dont let yourself feel worthless; often through life you will really be at your worst when you seem to think best of yourself; and dont worry about losing your personality, as you persist in calling it; at fifteen you had the radiance of early morning, at twenty you will begin to have the melancholy brilliance of the moon, and when you are my age you will give out, as I do, the genial golden warmth of 4 P.M. Book 1, Ch. 3 Never walk near the bed; to a ghost, your ankle is your most vulnerable partonce in bed, youre safe; he may lie around under the bed all night, but youre safe as daylight. If you still have doubts pull the blanket over your head. Book 1, Ch. 4 This has nothing to do with will-power; thats a crazy, useless word, anyway; you lack judgment- the judgment to decide at once when you know your imagination will play you false, given half a chance. Book 1, Ch. 4 Life was a damned muddle... a football game with every one off-side and the referee gotten rid of- every one claiming the referee would have been on his side... Book 1, Ch. 5 Quotes From Book 2 All life was transmitted into terms of their love, all experience, all desires, all ambitions, were nullified- their senses of humor crawled into corners to sleep; their former love-affairs seemed faintly laughable and scarcely regretted juvenalia. Book 2, Ch 1 I have your best interests at heart when I tell you not to take a step youll spend your days regretting. Its not as if your father could help you. Things have been hard for him lately and hes an old man. Youd be dependent absolutely on a dreamer, a nice, well-born boy, but a dreamer- merely clever. (She implies that this quality in itself is rather vicious.) Book 2, Ch 1 People try so hard to believe in leaders now, pitifully hard. But we no sooner get a popular reformer or politician or soldier or writer or philosopher- a Roosevelt, a Tolstoi, a Wood, a Shaw, a Nietzsche, than the cross-currents of criticism wash him away. My Lord, no man can stand prominence these days. Its the surest path to obscurity. People get sick of hearing the same name over and over. Book 2, Ch 2 I regretted my lost youth when I only envy the delights of losing it. Youth is like having a big plate of candy. Sentimentalists think they want to be in the pure, simple state they were in before they ate the candy. They dont. They just want the fun of eating it all over again. The matron doesnt want to repeat her girlhood- she wants to repeat her honeymoon. I dont want to repeat my innocence. I want the pleasure of losing it again. Book 2, Ch 5 Progress was a labyrinth ... people plunging blindly in and then rushing wildly back, shouting that they had found it ... the invisible king- the à ©lan vital- the principle of evolution ... writing a book, starting a war, founding a school... Book 2, Ch. 5 He found something that he wanted, had always wanted and always would want- not to be admired, as he had feared; not to be loved, as he had made himself believe; but to be necessary to people, to be indispensable... Book 2, Ch. 5 Life opened up in one of its amazing bursts of radiance and Amory suddenly and permanently rejected an old epigram that had been playing listlessly in his mind: Very few things matter and nothing matters very much. Book 2, Ch. 5 Modern life... changes no longer century by century, but year by year, ten times faster than it ever has before- populations doubling, civilizations unified more closely with other civilizations, economic interdependence, racial questions, and- were dawdling along. My idea is that weve got to go very much faster. Book 2, Ch. 5 Im restless. My whole generation is restless. Im sick of a system where the richest man gets the most beautiful girl if he wants her, where the artist without an income has to sell his talents to a button manufacturer. Even if I had no talents Id not be content to work ten years, condemned either to celibacy or a furtive indulgence, to give some mans son an automobile. Book 2, Ch. 5 As an endless dream it went on; the spirit of the past brooding over a new generation, the chosen youth from the muddled, unchastened world, still fed romantically on the mistakes and half-forgotten dreams of dead statesmen and poets. Here was a new generation, shouting the old cries, learning the old creeds, through a revery of long days and nights; destined finally to go out into that dirty gray turmoil to follow love and pride; a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success; grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken.... Book 2, Ch. 5

MODULE 1 DISCUSSION Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MODULE 1 DISCUSSION - Article Example Thus the consumer can save more that he/she spends in other utilities helps increasing the spending power in the economy which is useful for economic growth (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Giving the license to FPL may lead to monopoly supply in Florida and thus exploits the households. Addition of the two plants will make the firm to produce more units than the rest and become a dominant player in the market (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Thus they will influence major decisions in the market such as prices hence can charge more, than if the firms were in competitive market. The firm however, can exploits as other means such as wind, geothermal, biomass and even solar. This means are quiet cheap and less harmful to the environment. Thus if well harnessed, can provide a good choice to nuclear energy. FPL should cater for the external costs due to harmful exposure of the public e.g. by constructing hospitals (Georgescu and Nicholas, 2014). Put measures to prevent occurrences such as earthquake due to construction of the firm into water bodies. The benefits that come with excess plants are more than demerits. More supply of energy into the economy reduces manufacturing costs of many firms. This translates into low prices to consumers which eventually helps the economy to grow. Thus I will vote for the plants to be

Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing IT Managers Today Term Paper

Most Important Cybersecurity Vulnerability Facing IT Managers Today - Term Paper Example With the related elementary technique, that employs the transmission of the email SPAM formed to seem similar to it was derived through an officially authorized organization as well as in that way trapping us to go after a weblink to a wrong website that had been shaped to as well seem similar to it belonged to a valid organization, we could be trapped into sensational individual data and information regarding yourself that is also acknowledged as the Phishing (Rodriguez, 2007). The recompense was twofold. The executor of this act could go behind doesn't matter what economic capital we had like that our credit or debit card number, bank account, etc. or they could copy or steal an adequate amount of data and information from our computer to get hold of our identity. This category of online fraud is acknowledged as the identity theft. Identity theft possibly being even further shocking to the actual person for the reason that a hacker could make use of our individuality to open up cre dit and debit cards, bank accounts as well as carry out further negative activities and crimes concealed at the back of our identity (Rodriguez, 2007). Introduction to Phishing I believe phishing is the single most important cyber security vulnerability that IT managers are facing today. Actually, phishing is the process in which an authorized person tries to get access and use sensitive data and information such as usernames, personal information, credit card information and passwords by making use of deceptive and fake means as a trustworthy entity in an online and other internet supported communication. In addition, phishing is normally carried out through E-mail or through the instant messaging, as well as its generally directs... This essay stresses that IT managers are responsible for dealing with IT operations of an organization. In fact, business organizations heavily rely on IT in order to successfully operate their business. In this scenario, it is the responsibility of IT managers to implement strict security measures to ensure the secure execution of these IT operations. Given below are some of the important actions that can be taken to stop phishing. Information and data stealing is an extensively employed technique to industry intelligence. Through theft of personal infrastructure, plan credentials, officially permitted estimations, worker associated records, information robber’s proceeds from promotion to those who can want to make self-conscious or reason economic harm or to contestants. This paper has discussed some of the important aspects of phishing. In the past few years, phishing has become very common. In fact, there are many kinds of phishing and the basic purpose is to steal someone’s personal information using illegal ways. Without a doubt, organizations today heavily rely on their business data and information and for this they heavily rely on an IT department. So if this information is accessed by any unauthorized person it can be used for illegal purposes. In some cases, a business competitor can also hack this information to destroy the business of an organization. So it is essential for IT managers to keep them up to date with the latest knowledge of cyber vulnerabilities and be ready to implement solutions to deal with these vulnerabilities.

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you Essay

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you feel best represents Twain's imagery of the Gilded Age and explain your reasoning for this selection - Essay Example ndals had become more common to the extent that similar events were being referred to as â€Å"Grantism,† a term that effectively captured greed and dishonesty of leaders of the time. The then citizens thought that funds from these investments were eventually used to bankroll Republican Party operations (Elder, 2002). This is especially true considering that the dealings led to the creation of the Liberal Republican Party. Regardless, the actual loophole for these corrupt Gilded Age deals was the then prevailing spoils system, in which better-endowed people used their influence to reward their relatives, friends and corrupt business allies with lucrative government tenders (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). As Gerrard and Newell (2006) said, an ever-growing citizenry, however, began to acknowledge the fact that the civil service needed urgent reform. The Dawes Act of 1887 for example, was a major piece of legislation which mandated the president to oversee the granting of land and citizenship to Indians (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). The Act arguably set the pace for more accountability by state officers as evidenced in the Manifest Destiny, when it comes to the allocation of national resources. Manifest Destiny sought to correct acts of greed and dishonesty that were synonymous with the Gilded Age and build a better society where every community had a

Igniting Flammable Liquids with Cigarettes

Igniting Flammable Liquids with Cigarettes Cigarettes seem like a probable ignition source for flammable liquids. Cigarettes have been blamed for the cause of many fires, far more than they should. But Cigarettes are more than tobacco wrapped in paper. They are in fact carefully engineered to burn in a certain way Cigarettes vary considerably from brand to brand in their burning characteristics. Modern cigarettes contain an engineered chemistry of additives to control the burning rates and moisture content of the tobacco and paper and anyone who has been a smoker knows the fact that manufactured Cigarettes go on burning when not being puffed. This spares smokers the trouble of lighting up again unlike with rolled up cigarettes and Cigars where the smoker has to keep smoking for the combustion of the tobacco to remain lit. This is good for the cigarette companies and pays off in higher sales from cigarettes. So yes this does mean that a cigarette rolling off onto a mattress or into the crack of a sofa can smoulder undetected f or 30 to 40 minutes before bursting into flames. Smouldering is a form of flameless combustion which can occur in materials capable of charring. Smouldering can occur at very low oxygen concentrations then proceeds at a very slow rate before flaming occurs. This makes people understand the real hazard of manufactured cigarettes. But that is found out through the visual fact of witnessing a cigarette stay lit and burn. So people will believe most of what they see as fact, but when many people sit down in their local theatre to watch the latest Hollywood movie they usual see the spectacular visual effects of a character throwing a lit cigarette on to a puddle of fuel and watching a large fire ball appear before their eyes which causes an amazing explosion. Igniting puddles of petrol for example with cigarettes in movies is a common device. The character takes a few puffs and tosses the glowing cigarette in the puddle. Immediately the petrol ignites. But Experiments with flammable gases and vapours have shown that many of the most commonly-encountered substances, including methane and petrol vapour, were not ignited by a lighted cigarette[1] So Petrol vapour cannot normally be ignited by glowing cigarettes, a fact which has been verified by many experiments. Cigarettes are rather uncommon as the source of ignition for a successful structure fire. If they are set to ignite liquid flammables, they will almost certainly fail[2] This paper looks to answer why a lighted cigarette when tested against the ignition of common flammable vapours such as petrol fail but other more volatile liquids tested are capable of ignition. Previous work carried out on cigarette ignition, related research in this field of combustion and ignition of flammable gases and liquids will be studied and researched to give the author a better understanding of the fallacy that a lit cigarette can be a danger that can readily ignite flammable liquids or gases. But not to underestimate the potential danger of such an ignition source in circumstances where many factors can come together to form self sustained combustion. Flammable substances and liquids are used for a wide variety of purposes and are commonly found in the home. Petrol is the most common, but there are other flammable and combustible liquids and gases used Table shows other flammable liquids commonly found around the home Lighter fluid Oil Propane Butane Aerosol Cans Diesel fuel Wood preservatives Kerosene White spirits Flammable materials found in the gaseous form will burn whenever mixed with the proper amount of air and properly ignited. A flammable liquid in its liquid state will not burn. It will only ignite when the vapours from the liquid evaporate in air. All flammable liquids give off vapours that can ignite and burn when an ignition source is introduced. Flammable liquids require an initial energy input to produce an air/vapour mixture within the limits of flammability (niamh mc daid) Ignition is the transition from a nonreactive to a reactive state in which external actions lead to thermo chemical runaway followed by rapid transition to self sustained combustion The usual conditions for ignition are given by a 3t rule of thumb. The three Ts stand for: Temperature. Must be high enough to cause significant chemical reactions and/or pyrolysis Time. Must be long enough to allow the heat input to be absorbed by the reactants so that a runaway thermo chemical process can occur Turbulence. Must be high enough so that there is good mixing between fuel and oxidizer and heat can be transferred from the reacted media to the unreacted media (cite the book) Ignition will occur when the process of a rapid exothermic reaction is started, which then gains momentum and causes the fuel to undergo change. When a flammable liquid is poured or spilled on a surface it is the vapours that are actually ignited. Vapours from liquids are what directly support the flame. To understand how volatile certain flammable liquids are it is useful to be familiar with the terms used to describe their chemical properties. Vapour density This is a property of a vapour that predicts its behaviour when released in air. when calculating the vapour density of a liquid fuel the molecular weight of gas of the vapour by that of air in normal conditions. (approx 29) (niamh mc daid) Flash point The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce a flammable vapour. A liquid fuel must be able to generate a vapour in sufficient quantity to reach that lower limit in air before it can burn. This flash point is measured in two different ways, first being a closed cup measurement and the latter being an open cup. Flammable ranges Petrol has a narrow flammable range. Thus petrol vapour mixed with air has a lower flammability limit of just over 1% and an upper limit of 6% by volume petrol vapour in air, at normally encountered temperatures. (hollyhead) Flammable range refers to the percentage of a flammable liquid in its gaseous state to air to create an explosive mixture. Mixtures of flammable vapours with air will combust only when they are within particular ranges of vapour/air concentration. Outside of these limits the fuel-air mixture is either too lean or too rich to ignite (niamh mc daid) This varies with different flammable liquids. Gasoline has a flammability range of 1.4 to 7.6 percent. This means it will ignite when there is 1.4 parts of gasoline mixed with 100 parts air Ignition temperatures This is the temperature at which a particular flammable liquid gives off vapours and evaporates in air and therefore can ignite. Gasoline will ignite when a heat source or electrical spark of at least 853 degrees comes in contact with it. Natural gas (methane) needs an ignition temperature of around 1000 degrees Auto-ignition temperature (AIT) This is the temperature at which a fuel will ignite on its own without any additional source of ignition. (Niamh mcdaid) Fires will occur because there is high temperature introduced to an area in which there is a fuel-air mixture within its flammability range. There are so atmospheric factors that affect the Auto-ignition temperature e.g. Oxygen levels in the area of the mixture. But so long as the heat energy can be transferred from the source to the fuel ignition fire may result Flammability In Hollyheads paper he mentions the flammability of certain liquids e.g., kerosene, white spirit and diesel oil, which are flammable liquids with flash point temperatures above normal ambient. So therefore, an ignition source has to ignite not only the flammable mixture of fuel vapour but to generate this mixture in the first place by heating the bulk liquid. (hollyhead) Cigarette Components Modern manufactured cigarette comprise of different components. The components combined can affect the performance of the cigarette including the emissions of toxicants. In British manufactured cigarettes the tobacco used is Virginia. There are two other main types used in commercial cigarettes which are Burley and Oriental.   Each has different characteristics.  These tobacco types will also vary depending on their variety, in what environment they are cultivated and how that cultivation is carried out. The paper around the tobacco of commercial cigarettes in modified in different brands. It can be more porous in some brands so that the amount of air passing through the paper affects the yield of a puff. The more air that can pass through the paper the more the smoke constituents passing through the cigarette are weakened which then result in lower yields of various smoke products. Just as Baker describes when a cigarette burns, thousands of products are formed. They are distrib uted between the gas phase and aerosol particles which make up smoke. (baker) Modern commercial cigarettes are made with a filter. The filter is different on most brands. The way the filter is designed can affect the amount of filtration. Different cigarette brands can regulate the taste and smoking experience. Introducing vents in the paper surrounding the filter end can allow for dilution of smoke in lighter branding cigarettes. The bigger the length results in longer fibres and also the materials used for the fibres all play a part in making a certain cigarette different from other brands in the market. Figure shows the different components of a manufactured cigarette, how smoke moves through the tobacco and filter and how air moves through the paper (bat) Cigarette Combustion Many of the components identified in tobacco have also been identified in its smoke because they transfer in part from tobacco to its smoke during the smoking process. Many other identified tobacco components are not found in smoke because they decompose during the smoking process. (cite tobacco book) There has been work carried out to measure the burning temperature of a cigarette particularly those by Dr Richard R Baker have provided fundamental knowledge about the combustion/pyrolysis processes during smouldering and puffing of a cigarette. Dr Richard R. Baker has established the distributions of combustion temperature, gas velocity and key smoke constituents inside a burning cigarette. These experiments have become the foundation for the study of cigarette combustion. Dr Barkers paper studied the process of thermo physical concurrencies inside and around a burning cigarette (barker) Figure 2 shows combustion of a cigarette when being smoked (bat) The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer and filtration processes. Each mechanism, and their interactions, has a profound effect on the levels of chemical constituents in tobacco smoke. An enormous amount of research has been done on these subjects over the last 50 years. (barker) Figure 2 describes the two types of burning that take place when the cigarette is puffed. There is also a natural smoulder occurring between the puffs by the smoker. There are two main regions at the tip on the coal, namely the combustion zone A and the pyrolysis and distillation zone B. Combustible vapours are produced in zone B prior to ignition in zone A. During puffing, air is drawn into the cigarette through the paper and at the paper bum line. When a smoker draws on a lit cigarette, the temperature of the cigarette coal rises rapidly from its resting smo uldering temperature of around 600  °C.   Peak puff  temperatures at the periphery of the coal can exceed 900  °C  during a 35 mL, 2-sec puff. The high temperature inside the coal causes an increase in the viscosity of the air flowing through and a concomitant increase in the resistance to the draw of air through the coal.   This effect forces air to be drawn primarily into the periphery of the coal around the paper burn line, which causes more complete combustion in this peripheral region.   The depletion of oxygen due to combustion results in the formation of a region immediately behind the coal where the temperatures remain high enough for thermal decomposition of tobacco (the pyrolysis/distillation zone).   Large amounts of volatile and semi-volatile smoke constituents are produced in this region. A small amount of air is drawn in along the tobacco rod through permeable cigarette paper and smoke temperature decreases rapidly to produce a supersaturated aerosol. The smoke thus formed during a puff is subjected to filtration by the remaining tobacco rod and cigarette filter, as well as dilution by any filter ventilation holes. Some proportion of the light gases (such as CO) will diffuse out of the highly permeable cigarette paper. The smoke that leaves the mouth end of the cigarette is called mainstream smoke.   Between puffs, hot smoke escapes from the top of the cigarette and forms the sidestream smoke. In the authors research for this paper the general opinion that cigarettes are the cause of fires is truthful, as there is no question that many fires are started by cigarettes and the careless smoker is usually the reason for the high number of fires originating from smoking cigarettes. Despite advances in the fire retardant foams in furnishings and mattresses, smoking in bed remains a threat to the safety of people. But it is a common occurrence to hear theories about how smoking caused a fire when the alleged ignition would not have been successful under certain circumstances. No one combustion parameter alone can be used to explain why gasoline (petrol) vapour and methane are not ignited by cigarettes whereas hydrogen and carbon disulphide are. In fact, the parameters themselves are inter-related and taken as a whole can express the propensity of a substance to react with oxygen to form combustion products. This is directly related to the ease with which chemical bonds are broken to lead to the formation of the more stable products of carbon dioxide and water, which result from the combustion of most of these fuels. hollyhead Recent tests by the ATF Fire research Laboratory involved contact of burning tobacco cigarettes of different brands with petrol vapour from a pool at room temperature. A total of 137 attempts were made using both smouldering and actively drawn puffs with no ignitions observed. De haan Tests have shown the oxygen levels in cigarettes in the vicinity of combustion to be very low and carbon dioxide levels to be very high, both factors reducing the chances of vapour ignition The conditions in the combustion zone of a cigarette, which is deficient in oxygen and rich in hydrogen and carbon dioxide, together with the rapid and efficient tobacco-oxy- preparation of the oxygen reaction conspire to allow only the most reactive of substances to be ignited, and result in flame propagation to the vapour air mixtures outside the cigarette coal. Repeated attempts to cause explosions by inserting a lit cigarette into an explosive fuel vapour-air mixture have resulted in failure over many experiments. Hollyhead The residence time of airborne vapours in the cigarette being puffed is so short that there is not enough time for any but the most reactive species to ignite. The fuel elements in a commercially manufactured cigarette is such that quenching distance of all but most reactive gases is not exceeded, suppressing any sustained ignition. Experimental evidence and consideration of the cigarette combustion process, alongside ignition parameters of substances, show that mixtures in air of petrol and methane are not ignited by a lighted cigarette. It is very likely, therefore, that many fires have been wrongly attributed to a lighted cigarette; such a cause fire can often be the refuge of the uninitiated No Smoking regimes at chemical plants, oil gas installations and indeed petrol filling stations is, therefore, not in vain. Although a cigarette may not be an immediate problem, the lighted match or cigarette lighter flame used to light it, certainly could Occasionally contaminates or faults from the manufacture of the cigarettes, may it be in the tobacco filling or paper can cause some brief tiny flames. Given the right conditions and such an atmosphere where there is a fault and a perfect fuel-air mixture. Such flames would be a suitable ignition source. So even though many tests have proved that it is virtually impossible for a lit cigarette or cigar to ignite most flammable vapours, this could ensure the ignition of a fire, explosion or both. In study for this paper the author came across a message board where a guy was irate at the fact he seen another person smoke a cigarette on the fore court of a filling station. To his dismay when confronting the person in question about the stupidity of his action he promptly got the reply that cigarettes dont lit petrol, I seen it on myth busters. Goes to show that what some people see on Television is believed as fact, just like in the Movies. Some things will never change[1] 1. www.wikilaw3k.org/forum. Cars-Transportation-Safety/Smoking-at-the-gas-pump. [cited 2010 4/11]; Available from: http://www.wikilaw3k.org/forum/Cars-Transportation-Safety/Smoking-at-the-gas-pump-345109.htm.